Chapter 21 - Blood Vessels Flashcards
name the types of blood vessels, largest to smallest.
Arteries
- arterioles
Veins
- venules
Capillaries
- Microscopic capillary networks permeate all active tissues
- Anastomosis is structure
name the 3 blood vessel structure walls, their structure, and functions.
name the 2 membranes.
what is the structure of “vessels of vessels” that are small arteries and veins in walls.
- Tunica intima (innermost) - “underwear”
- Endothelial lining (inner intima layer)
- Connective tissue layer (just outside endothelium)
*Internal elastic membrane (in arteries) - between intima and media layer - Tunica media (middle)
- Contains concentric sheet of smooth muscle in loose connective tissue (constriction and dilation)
- Encircles the endothelium (the intima) that lines the lumen (interior space) of blood vessel
*External elastic membrane - between media and externa - Tunica externa / adventitia (outer) - like an overcoat of collagen fibers.
- the larger the vessel, the larger the externa
- Anchors vessel to adjacent tissue
- Contains: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells (in veins)
*Vasa Vasorum (“vessels of vessels”) (know for exam) - Small arteries and veins in walls of externa and media
what are the differences in arteries and veins.
what are the names for vessel contraction and expansion?
- Arteries have thicker walls and higher blood pressure
- Constricted artery has small and round lumen, vein has large and irregular shape lumen
- The endothelium of a constricted artery is folded
- Arteries are more elastic than veins since they absorb pressure waves that come with each heartbeat
- Veins have valves
*vasoconstriction - contraction
*vasodilation - expansion, dilation
from heart to capillaries, arteries change.
name the types of arteries based on tunica media and give examples of each.
- Elastic arteries (conducting arteries) (know examples)
- Large vessels like pulmonary trunk and aorta
- Tunica media has many elastic fibers, few muscle cells, to even out force of blood - Muscular arteries (distribution arteries)
- Most arteries are medium sized muscular
- distribute blood to specific body parts
- Tunica media has many muscle cells - Arterioles (resistance vessels)
- Small arteries
- Little to no tunica externa. Their tunica media is thinner than tunica media of arteries
- Thin or incomplete tunica media
- Regulates blood flow from arteries to capillaries
what is an aneurysm?
A bulge in arterial wall, not broken yet, just bulging
Weak spot in elastic fibers
Pressure may rupture vessel
name the function and layers of a capillary
Function - Exchange of materials, diffuse between blood and interstitial fluid
Structure - only 2 layers: endothelial tube surrounded by basement membrane layer. Diameter is similar to that of a red blood cell
name the 3 types of capillaries and their structures.
- Continuous capillaries
- Permits diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials
- Found in all tissues except epithelia and cartilage
- Have complete endothelial lying
- Specialized continuous capillaries in CNS and thymus - blood brain barrier - Fenestrated capillaries
- Have pores in endothelial lining for immediate exchange of water and large solutes
- Found in choroid plexus, endocrine organs, kidneys, intestinal tract - Sinusoids
- Gaps between adjacent endothelial cells
- Permits free exchange of water and large plasma proteins
- In Endocrine organs, bone marrow, liver, spleen
- Phagocytic cells monitor blood at sinusoids
name the sizes of veins with examples.
Small veins = venules - to capillaries
Medium-sized veins - most
Large veins - vena cava, pulmonary, etc.
All veins have semilunar valves for one way movement, fighting against gravity. compression of veins pushes blood toward heart
what is the distribution of blood in percentage for the heart / arteries / capillaries and the venous system?
Heart, arteries, and capillaries = 30-35% of blood volume
Venous system = 65-70%
- 1/3 of venous blood is in large venous networks of the liver, bone marrow, and skin
define blood pressure, capillary hydrostatic pressure, and venous pressure.
Blood Pressure - arterial pressure (mm Hg)
Capillary hydrostatic pressure - pressure within the capillary beds
Venous pressure - pressure in the venous system
arterial blood pressure. go through slide…
what is normal bp?
what is pulse pressure?
what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Systolic pressure - peak arterial pressure during contraction
Diastolic pressure - minimum arterial pressure at end of ventricular diastole
Pulse pressure - difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) - diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure
Hypertension
Hypotension
*normal bp is 120/80
Venous pressure.
Determines the amount of venous return in 1 minute
Low effective pressure and low resistance in venous system
Blood return is assisted by
- Skeletal muscular compression of veins
- The respiratory pump - pressure changes in thoracic cavity
Cardiovascular center and CNS activities - go through slide…
endocrines have short-term and long-term effects
Thought processes and emotional states can elevate blood pressure by cardiac stimulation and vasoconstriction
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine stimulate cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction
(blood pressure rises with adrenaline, maybe why you feel faint with a blood pressure drop after stressful event)
what is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and what does it do?
Released by neurohypophysis (in pituitary lobe)
Elevates blood pressure
Reduces water loss at kidneys
ADH responds to
- Low blood volume
- High plasma osmotic concentration
- Circulating angiotensin II
what is Angiotensin II and what does it do?
- Released in response to a decrease in renal blood pressure
- Stimulates Antidiuretic Hormone (AHD) secretion, Aldosterone production, thirst, cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction
Fetal Circulation
Best to watch Khan Academy video…
Placenta > oxygenated blood through *Umbilical vein to either liver or through *ductus venosus to Inferior VC.
> now a mix of oxygenated / deoxygenated blood > right atrium and left atrium through *foramen ovale > right ventricle to lungs (but lungs are filled with fluid and have high resistance, so then do not accept or return much blood), back to left atrium and left ventricle to aorta to body / or straight from left atrium to left ventricle to aorta to body.
*the bypass connecting pulmonary trunk to aorta is the ductus arteriosus (artery to artery)
> from body, deoxygenated blood returns through *umbilical artery to placenta
Before Birth
- Fetal lungs are collapsed, oxygen through placenta
Cardiovascular changes at birth
- Newborn breathes air, lungs expand
- Pulmonary vessels expand
- Reduced resistance increases blood flow
- Rising oxygen causes ductus arteriosus constriction
- Rising left atrium pressure closes foramen ovale
- Pulmonary circulation provides oxygen
know the pulmonary arteries vs pulmonary veins
know the aorta, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava, and pulmonary trunk
name the branches of the Aorta.
define left and right…
Brachiocephalic Artery / Trunk
- Right Subclavian
- Right Common Carotid
Left Common Carotid (middle)
Left Subclavian
name the arteries of the upper limb. It changes names as it descends towards hands.
*what is the name of the broomstick-like artery branches off and the left upper artery and points upwards?
**what are the names of the rib arteries?
Left Subclavian Artery (could be rsc on other side)
*thyrocervical trunk (broomstick facing upwards)
> Axillary Artery
** Internal Thoracic Artery (around rib cage) -> branches into costal arteries (in between ribs)
> Brachial Artery
- Radial Artery
- Ulnar Artery
name the arteries of the hand. 3 total, two of the same kind
*notice the spelling!
radial and ulnar arteries lead to…
- superficial palmar arch - 2 superficial: (two outer)
- deep palmar arch - 1 deep: (sandwiched in middle)
name the arteries of the neck and head.
*what is the long artery that branches off the subclavian towards the back of the neck?
Left common carotid
> Left Internal carotid- (medial)
> Left External carotid - (lateral)
- Maxillary - comb like structure for each tooth
- Superficial Temporal - up to temples
- Occipital - towards back of the head
- Facial - towards face
*vertebral artery
name the arteries labeled in red.
*name the artery to the sacrum.
(remember the changing names of the aorta, depending on the section of the body)
Common Iliac (2 divisions) - (Left CI and Right CI)
> Internal Iliac Artery (not for this chapter)
> External Iliac Artery (changes name depending on area) - goes to femoral…
*Median Sacral Artery, or Middle Sacral Artery
name the 3 arterial branches of the abdominal aorta? (dark green)
name the artery to the liver (dark blue).
name the artery to the spleen (light blue).
name the arteries to the kidneys (dark purple).
**name the arteries that branch off (light green).
**name the circular arteries that connect the liver and spleen arteries (not pictured).
Abdominal Aorta
> Celiac Trunk
- hepatic artery (to liver)
- splenic artery (to spleen)
> Superior Mesenteric Artery
Renal arteries (to kidneys, right and left)
> Inferior Mesenteric Artery
**gonadal arteries - specify testicular or ovarian gonadal artery on exam if they say
**gastric arteries (right and left) - Note right and left in the lab exam. (tiny hugging branch) - stomach
name the arteries of the lower limb.
External Artery
> Femoral artery
> Popliteal artery - behind knee, little branch section into anterior & posterior
→ Anterior tibial artery
→ Posterior tibial artery
→ Fibular
→ dorsalis pedis
→ lateral plantar
→ medial plantar
→ digital branches
name the vein branches (pictured in purple) from the right brachiocephalic vein and the right subclavian vein.
Right Brachiocephalic Veins (& Left Brachiocephalic Veins)
> Right Internal Jugular vein
- Sigmoid sinus
- Superficial temporal vein
> External Jugular Vein
- Occipital Vein
name the branches from the internal jugular vein.
Internal Jugular Vein
> Sigmoid Sinus
> Superficial Temporal Vein
- Facial Vein
External Jugular Vein
- Occipital Vein
name everything in yellow.
Subclavian vein
> Axillary
*Cephalic (lateral)
Brachial (middle)
Basilic Vein (medial)
name the veins.
there is an inner “Y” shape.
there in an inner “A” shape.
then add the two on the outsides of these structures.
“Y” shape - Median Cubital Veins (top)
- Median Antebrachial Vein (trunk)
“A” shape - Ulnar Vein
- Radial Vein
two structures on the outside are continuations - Basilic Vein (medial) & Cephalic Vein (lateral)
name the abdominal veins from the superior vena cava.
(one vein is for the liver)
Superior Vena Cava
> Azygos Vein (right side) - turns into Right Ascending Lumbar Vein
- Hemiazygos vein (left side) - turns into Left Ascending Lumbar Vein
- *Accessory hemiazygos vein (upper vein towards head)
what is the vein to the liver?
what is the vein to the spleen?
what are the veins to the kidneys?
know the gonadal veins
Superior Mesenteric Vein
Inferior Mesenteric Vein
hepatic portal vein - (superior and inferior join to make the hepatic)
splenic vein
Left renal vein & Right renal vein
gonadal veins
name the veins
Inferior Vena Cava
> Left Common Iliac Vein & RCIV
- Internal Iliac Vein
- External Iliac Vein
