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Biology A&P 2 > Chapter 20 - Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Heart Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 blood circuits of the body?

A
  1. Coronary circuit
    Supplies heart
  2. Pulmonary circuit
    Supplies blood to lungs
  3. Systemic circuit
    Blood supply to limbs
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2
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels? hint - has to do with oxygen levels.

A
  1. Arteries
    A = away from heart
    Oxygenated blood away from heart
    (Mostly labeled in red in models)
  2. Veins
    Returning less oxygenated blood to heart
    (mostly labeled in blue in models)
  3. Capillaries
    Anastomosis structure
    Exchange dissolved gasses, nutrients, and wastes between blood and surrounding tissues
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3
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
what are the different sides / areas of the heart?
*what is the mediastinum?
*what are auricles?

A

Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle
Base, Apex, Anterior side, Posterior side
*the cavity where the heart is. In-between the pleural cavities of the lungs.
*the little toes-like projections from the atria.

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4
Q

what are the lining layers around the heart? (not the heart itself, around the heart)
name the 2 main types, then the 2 subtypes.
name them in the image.
*what is the fluid space between the layers? what is inflammation of this fluid? what condition does excess fluid cause?

A

Pericardium:
1. Fibrous
2. Serous (double layered fist in balloon)
- Visceral (inside) (aka epicardium)
- Parietal (outside)
*pericardial fluid is the space between visceral and parietal. Pericarditis.
Cardiac tamponade is the condition of excess fluid, heart has restricted movements because of lack of space.

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5
Q

name the 3 main grooves of the heart.

A
  1. Coronary Sulcus
    between atria and ventricle
  2. Anterior Interventricular Sulcus
    Between left and right ventricles on anterior side
  3. Posterior interventricular Sulcus
    Between left and right ventricles on posterior side
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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of heart muscle?

A

Epicardium (outside) (aka visceral pericardium)
Myocardium (middle)
Endocardium (inside)

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7
Q

name the 3 septums of the heart

A

Interatrial septum (Separates atria)
Interventricular septum
Atrioventricular septum
- between right atrium and left ventricle (diagonal)

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8
Q

name the 4 heart valves

A

Atrioventricular Valve
- Tricuspid Valve (or r av valve)
- Bicuspid Valve ( l av valve)
Semilunar Valves (“half moon shaped”)
- Pulmonary valve - For pulmonary artery
- Aortic valve - For aorta

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9
Q

name the 2 vena cava

A

Superior VC
Inferior VC

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10
Q

know the pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins. Be specific!
know the aorta

A

Right and Left pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the heart and pulmonary trunk.
Right and Left pulmonary veins carry blood back to the heart from the lungs
*distinctly label “right” and “left” in lab exam.

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11
Q

what is the remnant of flap that closes between the atria in fetuses and adults?
This is closed in adults.

A

(foramen ovale in fetus) –> fossa ovalis (adults)

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12
Q

Label the muscles of the heart.
what are the strings that attach papillary muscles to cusps of valves?

A

Pectinate muscles
- Only in atrium
- On the outside of the atrium?
Trabeculae Carneae
- Lines inside of ventricles
Papillary muscle
- Corresponds with av tricuspid and bicuspid valves
*Chordae tendineae

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13
Q

name the smooth part of the upper part of the ventricle towards the semilunar valves

A

conus arteriosus

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14
Q

valvular heart disease

A
  • Deterioration of valve function
  • may develop after carditis (inflammation of the heart)
  • may result from Autoimmune disease
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15
Q

name the coronary arteries

A
  • Right Coronary Artery
    - marginal artery
    - posterior interventricular artery
  • Left Coronary Artery
    - Circumflex Artery
    - Anterior interventricular Artery
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16
Q

name the coronary veins. Remember to use “cardiac” for vein names!

A

*remember these are “cardiac” labels instead of “coronary”
Great Cardiac Vein (along anterior interventricular sulcus)
Coronary Sinus
Small Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein

17
Q

what is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
is it reversible?
what are some treatments? brief read through…

A

not reversible.
Coronary ischemia
- Reduced blood supply
Cause is formation of a fatty deposit
- Atherosclerotic plaque
… (look up in powerpoint…)

18
Q

what is the medical term for chest pain?

A

Angina pectoris
- Commonly one of the first symptoms of CAD
- Pain may radiate from sternal area to arms, back, and neck = “Referred pain”

19
Q

what is the medical term for a heart attack?

A

myocardial infarction

20
Q

what are 2 kinds of noninvasive surgeries for heart attacks?

A

atherectomy
- Long catheter is inserted into coronary artery to remove plaque
balloon angioplasty
- Tip of the catheter has a balloon, inserted and inflated against vessel walls.

21
Q

what is a coronary artery bypass

A

rerouted blood around obstructed portion.
up to 4 coronary arteries can be rerouted during a single operation.

22
Q

Conducting System:
what are 2 types of cardiac muscle cells?
what are the subtypes of these?

A

Autorhythmic cells (labeled in image)
- Pacemaker
- Sinoatrial (SA) node
- Atrioventricular (AV) node
- Conducting cells
- Internodal pathways of atria
- AV Bundle of His
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers of ventricles

Contractile cells
- Contractions that propel blood
- form bulk of atrial and ventricular walls
- receive stimulus from Purkinje fibers

23
Q

what do the P wave, Q wave, and QRS complex represent?

A

Upwards peak = depolarization, or positive inflection
Downwards peak = repolarization, or negative inflection
P Wave - atrial depolarization
Q Wave - along interventricular septum
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization

24
Q

what are abnormal heat rates? what is an ectopic pacemaker?

A

Bradycardia - abnormally slow heart rate
Tachycardia - abnormally fast heart rate
Ectopic pacemaker
Abnormal cells generate high rate of action potential, bypasses conducting system

25
Q

what are intercalated discs?
what are chemical characteristics of these cells along with depolarization and repolarization?

A

Interconnected cardiac contractile cells
1. rapid depolarization
- sodium (Na+) enters
2. Plateau
- extracellular calcium (Ca+) enters
3. Repolarization
- potassium rushes out of cell

26
Q

what is systole? what is diastole?

A

Systole (contraction - “assists” contraction)
- first “lub” sound of S1
Diastole (relaxation)
- “dub” sound of S2

27
Q

what are the heart sounds?
what is a heart murmur?

A

S1 - loud sound as AV valves close
S2 - loud sound as semilunar valves close
S3, S4 - soft sounds (blood flowing into ventricles and atrial contraction)
Heart murmur - regurgitation through valves

28
Q

what are cardiac output (CO), heart rate, and stroke volume?

A

volume pumped by left ventricle in one minute.
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
HR is beats/minute
SV is mL/beat. SV is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction.
*fun fact, the heart usually pumps about 5 liters of blood per minute at rest.

29
Q

what is the equation to find stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV - ESV
EDV is end-diastolic volume, or the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
ESV is end-systolic volume, or the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at end of ventricular systole

30
Q

know some of the autonomic innervations…

A

Cardioacceleratory center
- Controls sympathetic neurons that increase heart rate
Cardioinhibitory center
- Controls parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate
*only know vagus nerve for exam

31
Q

what are the adrenal hormones that increase heart rate?

A

epinephrine (E)
norepinephrine (NE)
T3 (thyroid hormone)

32
Q

what is the Bainbridge reflex? (atrial reflex)

A
  • Adjustments in heart rate in response to increase in venous return (the amount of blood returning to heart through veins)
  • Stretch receptors are triggered, which increase heart rate by stimulating sympathetic activity

Biology A&P 2 (8 decks)

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