Chapter 22 ebook Flashcards
Infectious diseases
spread by pathogens or toxins among susceptible individuals
Communicable disease
they are transmitted from one source to another by infectious bacteria or viral organisms
noncommunicable diseases
a disease caused by toxins from food poisoning or infection caused by toxins in the environment
Contagious diseases
communicable diseases that can spread rapidly among individuals in close proximity to each other
community-acquired infections
those that are not present or incubating prior to care provided by health care providers
health care-associated infections
acquired within a health care facility
Infection
is a condition that results when microorganisms cause injury to a host
colonization
a condition in which microorganisms are present, but the hose does not manifest any signs or symptoms of infection
Affects on older adults
are more susceptible to infections because of an age-related decrease in immune system functioning
Infections are more likely to have a rapid course and life threatening consequences once they become established
Incubation Period
Infectious agent reproduces, but there are no recognizable symptoms. May exist the host at this time and infect others
Prodromal stage
initial symptoms appear, which may be vague and nonspecific. They may include mild fever, headache, and loss of usual energy
Acute stage
Symptoms become more severe and specific to the tissue or organ that is affected.
Convalescent stage
The symptoms subside as the host overcomes the infectious agent
Resolution
The pathogen is destroyed. Health improves or is restored
Infection control precautions
are physical measures designed to curtail the spread of infectious diseases
Standard precautions
are measures for reducing the risk of microorganism transmission from both recognized and unrecognized sources of infection
reduces the potential for transmitting infectious agents
Includes using hand hygiene, using PPE.
Hand Hygiene
Single most effective way to prevent infections
Perform hand hygiene after gloves are removed, between client contacts, between tasks, when touching bodily fluids.
Gloves
Wear clean non sterile gloves when touching bodily fluids, contaminated items.
Change gloves between tasks on the same client after contact with material that may contain a high concentration of micro organisms.
Mask, eye protection and face shield
Wear a madk and eye protection (goggles) or face shield to protect the eyes, nose, and mouth when there is a likelihood that splashes or sprays bodily fluids, blood or other secretions
Eye glasses or contact lenses are not adequate for eye protection
Gown
wear a clean non-sterile gown that covers the arm body from neck to mid thigh
Respiratory Hygiene/ cough etiquette
covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing
performing hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions
Using a surgical mask on a coughing client
Distancing client with respiratory symptoms at least 3ft from others
Safe Injection Practices
infection control measures that prevent the transmission of viral hepatitis B and hepatitis C to the health care worker
use a sterile, single use disposable syringe for each injection
Prevent the contamination of injection and equipment
use single does vials rather than multiple dose vials when administering medication to multiple clients
Transmission based precautions
Measures for controlling the spread of highly transmissible or epidemiologically important infectious agents from clients
3 types: Airborne precautions, droplet precautions, contact precautions
Airborne precautions
measures that reduce the risk for transmitting pathogens that remain infectious over long distance when suspended in the air
Client placement:
Kept in a private room or in a room with similarly infected client
Negative air pressure
6-12 air change per hour
Protection:
Wear a n95 or PAPR
Keep door closed
Examples:TB, Measles, chicken pox
Droplet precautions
Measures that block infectious pathogens within moist droplets larger than 5 microns
Client placement:
Private room or in a room with a similarly infected client or one in which there are 3 ft between clients and visitors
Protection:
Leave door open or closed, wear a mask when entering room. Place a mask on client if transportation is required
Examples: streptococcal pneumonia, meningococcal meningitis, whooping cough, coronavirus
Contact precautions
measures used to block the transmission of pathogens by direct or indirect contact
Direct contact involves skin to skin and indirect contact involves touching a contaminated intermediate object in the clients environment
Client placement:
Private room or in a room with similarly infected client or consult with an infection control professional if the previous options are not available
Protection:
Wear gloves, gown, avoid transporting the client but if required use precautions that minimize transmission. Use tools exclusively for the client.
Examples: Gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin or wound infections. Acute diarrhea, acute viral conjunctivitis, draining abscess, hepatitis A and E
PPE
includes gowns, masks, respirators, goggles or face shields and gloves
Removing PPE
removes most contaminated first
Removes gloves first, gown next then lastly gloves
