Chapter 22 - Developmental Genetics Flashcards
A geneticist has isolated a new mutation (m) in an egg-polarity gene of Drosophila. When two heterozygotes with this mutation (m/+) are crossed, it is expected that:
A. all female m/m offspring will die as embryos because they lack a necessary morphogen.
B. m/m offspring of either sex will die as embryos because they cannot set up one of the embryonic axes.
C. all the offspring will develop into adults but the m/m females will produce eggs that lack an mRNA needed for embryonic development.
D. all m/m offspring develop into adults but these adults will have two anterior ends.
C. all the offspring will develop into adults but the m/m females will produce eggs that lack an mRNA needed for embryonic development.
Segmentation genes of the gap group:
A. are expressed in females during oogenesis and deposited in broad regions of the unfertilized egg.
B. are regulated by the gradients of bicoid and nanos proteins.
C. regulate the expression of the pair-rule segmentation genes.
D. All of the above.
E. Only B and C are correct.
E. Only B and C are correct.
Mutations in the homeotic genes often cause:
A. the deletion of segments.
B. the absence of structures.
C. too many segments.
D. structures to appear in the wrong place.
D. structures to appear in the wrong place.
Jr. Scientist is studying the disappearance of the tadpole’s tail during development. What is one characteristic that these dying tail cells should have?
A. Each cell will swell and burst.
B. The nucleus of each cell will get larger.
C. There will be an increase in caspase activity.
D. They will release cellular chemicals that trigger inflammation.
E. All of the above.
C. There will be an increase in caspase activity.
The blindness of Mexican cave tetras resulted from __ expression of the __ (shh) gene and the __-__ __ (twhh) gene. Both of these genes __ transcription of other genes that leads to __ of lens cells.
increased; sonic hedgehog; tiggy-winkle hedgehog.
activate; apoptosis
__ cells have the ability to develop into ANY cell type, even __-__ tissue. Plant and fungal cells often remain __.
__ cells have the ability to develop into ANY tissue.
Animal cells become committed to the development of a specific cell type in a process called __; this process often occurs after the first few cell __ of the __.
Totipotent; extra-embryonic.
totipotent.
Pluripotent.
determination; divisions; embryo
Dolly proved that terminally __ mammalian cells __ all of their original __ information. As a result, scientists were able to conclude that development must require selective gene __.
differentiated; retain; genetic
expression.
Why are clones are not genetically identical?
cytoplasmic genes come from the donor cell (?) and recipient egg.
Drosophila development starts with an __, stages of __ development, stages of __ development, a __, and the adult stage.
egg; embryonic; larval; pupa
In the initial stages of Drosophila, a multinucleate __ results from 9 nuclear divisions __ cell division. This is followed by a __ blastoderm where some nuclei migrate to the pole. These ‘pole’ nuclei later develop into __ cells (pole cells are are what’s engineered for __ transformation).
syncytium; without.
Syncytial.
germline; germline
List the order and major role of Drosophila development and gene cascade.
egg-polarity (determination of major body axes)
gap genes (regional sections defined)
pair-rule genes (individual segments defined)
segment-polarity genes (polarity of individual segments defined)
homeotic genes (identity of individual segments defined).
Egg-polarity genes are __ effect genes: the __ are in the egg prior to fertilization.
maternal; transcripts
__ are transcription activators coded by developmental genes in Drosophila whose __ __ affect development of their surrounding regions.
Morphogens; concentration gradients
__ proteins establish the dorsal-ventral axis in drosophila. This protein is normally distributed throughout the __ of an __ egg; after fertilization it is absorbed into the nuclei on the __ side. The protein is a __ that functions as a transcriptional __. High concentration leads to activation of the __ gene. Low concentration leads to activation of __ gene.
Dorsal.
cytoplasm; unfertilized; ventral (wtf).
morphogen; activator.
twist.
decapentaplegic.
__ mRNA and protein establish the anterior portion of developing drosophila (the transcript is anchored by its _’ end to the __ of the egg; the protein forms a concentration __ with the highest __ at the anterior).
The protein is a __ that functions as a transcriptional __. High concentration leads to activation of the __ gene and __ protein which is needed for development of the head and thoracic structures.
Bicoid; 3’; anterior; gradient; concentration.
morphogen; activator.
hunchback; hunchback.
__ mRNA establishes the posterior portion of developing drosophila. Upon fertilization, __ mRNA is translated, and __ proteins diffuse toward the anterior forming a concentration __.
The protein is a __ that __ translation of __ mRNA, thereby created a concentration gradient of __ protein. The concentration gradient of __ protein affects development of other structures.
Nanos.
nanos; nanos; gradient.
morphogen; represses; hunchback; hunchback.
hunchback