Chapter 13 - Transcription Flashcards
Which of the following is true of RNA compared to DNA?
A. RNA and DNA use the same four bases.
B. RNA lacks the hydroxyl group on the 2’- carbon atom of its sugar component that DNA has.
C. Both RNA and DNA are primarily double stranded.
D. RNA molecules are more variable in their secondary structures than DNA molecules.
E. RNA is more stable than DNA
D. RNA molecules are more variable in their secondary structures than DNA molecules.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the process of transcription?
A. Transcription of a given gene takes place on only one of the two DNA strands.
B. During transcription the RNA molecule is synthesized in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
C. During transcription the RNA molecule that is synthesized is anti-parallel and complementary to the template DNA strand.
D. The start site and direction of transcription are determined by a region of the nontemplate DNA strand known as the promoter.
B. During transcription the RNA molecule is synthesized in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
What would the likely result be if a specific sigma subunit were mutated?
A. Nothing would result: sigma is not essential.
B. RNA polymerase would still bind at specific sites, but elongation would fail.
C. RNA polymerase would fail to initiate transcription at the promoter specific to the sigma subunit.
D. The core enzyme would not be stable.
C. RNA polymerase would fail to initiate transcription at the promoter specific to the sigma subunit.
A mutation in the promoter of an E. coli gene that makes the − 10 region a closer match to the consensus would be expected to:
A. be an “up” mutation.
B. be a “down” mutation.
C. improve the binding of RNA polymerase holoenzyme to the promoter.
D. both a and c.
E. both b and c.
D. both a and c.
In rho-dependent transcription termination, the rho factor binds to ___________.
RNA (usually mRNA)
Early in the history of life, RNA probably served both as the original ___ material and as biological ___.
genetic; catalysts
Which class of RNA is correctly paired with its function?
a. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA): processes rRNA
b. Transfer RNA (tRNA): attaches to an amino acid
c. MicroRNA (miRNA): carries information for the amino acid sequence of a protein
d. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): carries out RNA interference
b. Transfer RNA (tRNA): attaches to an amino acid
Which of the following phrases does not describe a function of the promoter?
a. Serves as the sequence to which the transcription apparatus binds
b. Determines the first nucleotide that is transcribed into RNA
c. Determines which DNA strand is the template
d. Signals where transcription ends
d. Signals where transcription ends
What is the difference between the template strand and the nontemplate strand?
The template strand is the DNA strand that is copied into an RNA molecule, whereas the nontemplate strand is not copied.
What is the function of the sigma factor?
The sigma factor specifies the binding of RNA polymerase to the correct promoter.
The __ (__ enzyme + __ factor) binds to the −10 consensus sequence found in most bacterial ___.
holoenzyme; core; sigma; promoters
What characteristics are most commonly found in rho-independent terminators?
Inverted repeats followed by a string of adenine nucleotides.
The initiation of transcription in eukaryotes requires modification of___ structure so that DNA is ___ to the transcription machinery.
chromatin; accessible
What is the difference between the core promoter and the regulatory promoter?
a. Only the core promoter has consensus sequences.
b. The regulatory promoter is farther upstream of the gene.
c. Transcription factors bind only to the core promoter and not to the regulatory promoter.
d. Both b and c.
b. The regulatory promoter is farther upstream of the gene.
Transcription in eukaryotes is initiated when the ___ ___ ___ — consisting of RNA polymerase, general ___ ___, and a ___ — assembles on the __ __ and the DNA becomes an ___ complex.
basal transcription apparatus; transcription factors; mediator; core promoter; open
TFIID binds to the __ box and helps to center the __ __ over the transcription start site.
TATA; RNA polymerase
The processes of RNA polymerase II termination in eukaryotes and rho-dependent termination in bacteria are similar: Both use a __ that binds to __ and moves toward __ __.
They differ in that __ does not degrade the RNA, whereas (an __) does.
protein; RNA; RNA poly
rho; Rat1;
RNA is less chemically stable than DNA for what two reasons?
(1) Steric hinderance due to 2’OH; (2) The ubiquitous nature of RNAses.
Secondary structures in ssRNA (hairpins and stems) are formed between ____ ____.
complimentary regions
Secondary structures in RNA are important for ___ ___ (“___ dictates ____”).
biological function; structure; function
rRNAs are an important part of ___ (which are the site of polypeptide synthesis).
ribosomes
Classes of RNA: this one carries genetic info encoding the sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide out of the nucleus and into the ribosomes.
mRNA
Classes of RNA: this one reads codons on RNA template/blueprint and brings the correct amino acid.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Classes of RNA: these are found in the nucleus and become associated with numerous proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).
snRNA (small nuclear RNA)
Classes of RNA: these are involved in processing rRNA in the nucleolus.
snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA)
Classes of RNA: this one is found in the cytoplasm; its function isn’t fully understood.
scRNA (small cytoplasmic RNA)
Classes of RNA: these 2 are found in the cytoplasm - they either interfere with translation of mRNA, or they initiate degradation of mRNA (gene regulation)
miRNA (microRNA) and siRNA (small interfering RNA)
Transcription resembles DNA, but key differences include:
- RNA molecules are much ____.
- Transcription is highly regulated: specific __ are transcribed at specific ___ in specific ___ types. 3. In more complex eukaryotes, only a ___ portion of the genome is used for ____.
smaller
genes; times; cell
small; transcription
RNA synthesis occurs __ __ (meaning no primer), and requires 3 things: a DNA ___; a ___ (rNTPs); and ___ needed for transcription (i.e. RNA ___).
de Novo; template; substrate; protein (enzyme / polymerase)
A factor = ___; an element = ___; a transcript = ___.
protein; DNA; RNA
Electron microscopy of chromosomes involved in transcription revealed Christmas tree-like structures (or a bottle brush) of the RNA transcripts peeling away from the DNA ‘trunk’. What does this suggest about RNA transcription?
Transcripts can be synthesized continuously and in succession.
The template strand is AKA ___ strand or the __ strand. The nontemplate strand is AKA ___ strand or the ___ strand.
nonsense; –
sense; +
Why is the nontemplate strand called the sense strand? Why is the template strand called the nonsense strand?
The sense strand reads almost exactly as the RNA (except T’s are U’s in RNA) due to the fact that it’s collinear to the RNA strand.
The nonsense strand is complimentary to the RNA; so it must be “translated” in order to determine the RNA sequence
Usually each gene is ___ from only one of the DNA strands; however, ___ strand can be used for transcription by ___ genes.
transcribed; either; different
The portion of the DNA that contains al of the sequences needed for transcription is called the ___ ___. There are 3 critical regions: (1) the ___; (2) the RNA ___ region; and (3) the ____. The ___ is usually upstream of the start site, and transcription proceeds ___ from it.
Transcription unit
Promoter; coding; terminator
promotor; downstream
The promoter is the __ part of the transcription unit. It determines which ___ ___ will be transcribed; it determines the __ site (which corresponds to the first __ of the RNA molecule); it’s usually immediately ___ and ___ to the start site; and is not ____.
first.
DNA strand; start; nucleotide; adjacent and upstream; transcribed.