Chapter 1 - Intro to Genetics Flashcards
Modern genetics stared with ________ about 150 years ago, and the next major advance came in the 1970s with _____ ______ technology.
Mendel; DNA cloning
T or F: the genetic code is universal.
Almost true! codons code for the same amino acids except for a few rare exceptions.
What is the central dogma (principle) of genetic biology? What part of the original central dogma is incorrect?
DNA is transcribed into RNA, then RNA is translated to make proteins.
That the flow of DNA to RNA to protein is unidirectional - retroviruses (HIV) are an exception.
Model organisms are a good way to examine common _______.
pathways
Model organisms are especially useful in that they have a _____ generation time, significant number of _______, adapt well to the ________ environment, fairly inexpensive, and their ________ have been fully ______.
short; progeny; lab; genomes sequenced/mapped
Saccharomyces cerevisiae are eukaryotic/prokaryotic organisms that have been used for _______ structure studies.
eukaryotic; chromosomal
C. elegans has been used to study cellular ________ and ________.
development and differentiation.
This organism has been used exhaustively to study molecular genetics. Why?
Drosophila melanogaster. A lot of important genetic sequences shared by humans were first identified in Drosophila
More recent model organisms include this animal to study communication, behavior, neurology, ecology, and evolution.
Apis mellifera (honey bee)
This model mammalian organism has been instrumental in drug development.
mus musculus (mouse)
This aquatic model organism has been used to study development.
Danio rerio (zebra fish)
Transmission genetics was first explored and published by _______.
Mendel
Walter Sutton shows that genes are located on _______ using grasshoppers in the early 1900s.
chromosomes
Thomas Morgan used this model organism to study transmission genetics in the early 1900s.
Drosophila
Details of gene structure, organization, and function began to unfold using these model organisms in the 1940s.
bacteria and viruses
Watson and Crick published their paper in 1953 of the structure of ____.
DNA
The basic understanding of ______ (protein synthesis) and the genetic code was uncovered in the 1960s.
translation
________ DNA technology began in the 1970s.
Recombinant
______ technology emerged in the 1980s.
PCR
The ____ _____ project was initiated in 1990.
Human Genome project
The first full DNA sequence of H. influenza was completed in _____; but the first draft of the human genome was announced in _____/
1995; 2003
__________ interfaces molecular biology and computer science.
Bioinformatics
The processes that affect gene expression that do not involve changes to DNA sequences is studied in this field.
Epigenetics
_______ is new technology that can potentially edit the genome.
CRISPR
