Chapter 20 - Genomics Flashcards
Most scientists expected the genome to code for 100K - 200K genes, but the number is closer to __K. In fact, humans have barely __% more genes than Drosophila; and __ have more genes than humans.
22K.
50%
Grapes
The human genome contains three genes for enolase (α, β, γ), whereas yeast contains just one gene for enolase. The three human enolase genes are \_\_ of each other, whereas the human and yeast enolase genes are \_\_ of each other. A. allelic variants; homologs B. orthologs; paralogs C. paralogs; orthologs D. orthologs; homologs
C. paralogs; orthologs
Which of the following is NOT true regarding impacts of the human genome project?
A. It has led to development of more efficient and less expensive sequencing technologies.
B. It has helped identify and locate many genes related to diseases.
C. It has helped scientists understand basic biological processes.
D. It has led to widespread use of genetic tests by health insurers to assess people’s risk of developing disease.
E. Comparing other sequenced genomes to the human genome has helped further our knowledge of evolution.
D. It has led to widespread use of genetic tests by health insurers to assess people’s risk of developing disease.
We have discussed several methods for mapping genes. Which of the following is ranked correctly lowest to highest resolution?
A. microsatellites; genetic recombination; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); SNPs
B. genetic recombination; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); microsatellites; SNPs
C. SNPs; genetic recombination; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); microsatellites
D. restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); genetic recombination; microsatellites; SNPs
E. All of the above have similar levels of resolution.
B. genetic recombination; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); microsatellites; SNPs
What is the rational for studying non-primate animals and applying knowledge to humans?
Humans share genetic homology with other animals.
Metagenomics is __-__: it focuses on the genes in a __ rather than a specific species.
gene-centric; community
The __ Genomes Project gathered genomic data from over 2500 individuals from 26 populations; this kind of data will help determine who will __ better to a specific treatment.
1000s; respond
The Genome ___ Consortia has gathered nearly __K human genomes and determined that there is __ variant for every __ bp.
Aggregation; 150K; 1; 8
Developing genetic profiles of patients and their responses to drugs will help predict which drugs work best for whom; this is called __.
Pharmacogenomics
An example of personalized medicine will be a genetic tests that looks at your ability to __ common medications.
breakdown
__ is an attempt to use engineered microbes to perform special functions, such as remove toxic waste. This is also called __ biology.
Bioremediation; synthetic
__ genomics seeks to do 2 things:
1. ID all __ molecules transcribed from the genome (aka the __).
2. ID all of the __ encoded from the genome (aka the __).
Bottom line, __ genomics seeks to ID the biological function of __.
Functional;
RNA; transcriptome
Proteins; proteome
functional; proteins.
Homologous genes are __ related. __ are homologs in different species; __ are homologs within the same species that arose due to gene __.
Sometimes the function of a novel protein can be predicted by its __ to one or more __ in a DNA or protein database.
evolutionarily.
Orthologs; paralogs; duplications.
homology; orthologs
Protein __ can sometimes provide significant insight into the function of an unknown protein.
domains
The __ to __ paradigm looks for clues to a gene whose expression differs between normal and diseased cells. It involves __: data mining of the human genome databases. The idea is to search for a way to interfere with the activity of a target gene or its __.
gene to drug; bioinformatics
product
A __ gene is a gene whose activity is easy to monitor. Common examples include __ __ __ (GFP) or _-__ (the lacZ gene product of E. coli.)
reporter
green fluorescence protein; β-galactosidase
In the gene to drug paradigm, scientists might look for a small __ that interacts with the protein product of a gene in order to cause __ when it (the gene or its __) is implicated in a disease process.
molecule; interference; product
Use of a __ gene allows precise identification of tissues expressing a transgene that have been tagged with the __ gene.
reporter; reporter
__ __ __ is used to systematically test a collection of various small molecules (uses __). Companies such as __ Florida has a library of more than 1M small molecules.
High throughput screening; robotics.
Scripps
__ analysis is an analytic technique based on the tech used to make chips. Microscopic droplets of DNA are “__” onto a glass slide (each spot is a “__” of DNA). This technique allows for analysis of changes in gene __ with the additional benefit of analyzing thousands of genes in a __ experiment.
Microarray
“printed”.
“microdot”.
expression; single
__ analysis was used to evaluate the expression patterns of 25K genes of women with a specific breast cancer (some whose cancer had metastasized, others who were in remission). After evaluation, the expression pattern of 70 genes could accurately __ whether a new patient would experience a metastatic form of the disease.
Microarray.
predict
T or F: SNPs produce phenotypic variation.
Mostly false; they don’t typically cause phenotypic differences.
A __ is a combination of alleles OR a set of SNPs that tend to be inherited __ and/or found on the same __.
haplotype; together; chromosome
Homologous chromosomes of individual humans are identical for most of the DNA sequence except for variation in a single bases called __. These __ combinations are equivalent / analogous to different __ of a gene.
SNPs.
SNPs; alleles
