Chapter 17 - Control of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic structural genes each have their own __ and are transcribed __.

A

Promoter; independently

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2
Q

__ mRNA: each mRNA codes for a single polypeptide.

__ mRNA: each mRNA codes for 2 or more polypeptides and is only found in __.

A

monocistronic

polycistronic; prokaryotes

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3
Q

Transcription in eukaryotes requires unwinding of DNA from __; basically changing from __ to __.

A

nucleosomes; heterochromatin; euchromatin

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4
Q

Eukaryotes have much more transcriptional __ and __ than their prokaryotic counterparts.

Of the two, eukaryotes have more __ than __.

A

activators; repressors

activators; repressors

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5
Q

__ __ complex binds to DNA and repositions nucleosomes to expose a transcription factor binding site. __ is the energy source.

A

Chromatin remodeling

ATP

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6
Q

This experiment is used to “probe” chromatin structure; it can detect changes in chromatin and determine areas that are transcriptionally active.

A

DNAse I Hypersensitivity

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7
Q

DNA located ~ 1000 bp upstream of a promoter of transcriptionally __ genes is hypersensitive to cleavage by __ _. This indicates that chromatin is more loosely associated (relaxed) with __.

A

active; DNAse I

nucleosomes

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8
Q

One way in which chromatin is relaxed is via histone __. Histones have positively charged “__” that interact with negatively charged __. __ transferases transfer __ groups to __ and __ (AAs found in histones) and neutralize their charge to relax the chromatin.

A

acetylation.

tails; phosphates

Acetyl; acetyl; arginine; lysine

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9
Q

T or F: Histone acetylation makes DNA more resistant to degradation by DNAse I.

A

False: it makes it hypersensitive

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10
Q

In general; high levels of DNA methylation are correlated with __ transcription.

A

repressed.

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11
Q

__ of cytosine at the 5th position is an important mechanism for controlling transcription. __ usually occurs in p islands: areas where __ cytosine is followed by __ which repress gene expression. This is found in inactive genes such as the inactive __ chromosome of mammalian females.

A

methylation
Methylation; CpG; methylated; guanine
X

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12
Q

__ changes are usually due to methylation; and some of these changes can be passed to progeny.

A

epigenetics

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13
Q

__ transcription factors assemble as part of the BAS. Together they bind to the __ promoter.

A

General; core

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14
Q

Transcriptional __ enhance the rate of transcription by stimulating or stabilizing the BTA. They bind to either a __ promoter (upstream of the __ promoter) or to an __.

A

Activators

regulatory; core; enhancer

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15
Q

Transcriptional activators have 2 functional __: (1) one __ binds to a specific DNA sequence - either an __ or a __ promoter; (2) the other __ interacts directly with the __ of the BTA, or it interacts with a __.

A

domains; domain;
enhancer; regulatory;
domain; mediator; coactivator

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16
Q

GAL4 is a __ __ that regulates transcription of several yeast genes involved in galactose metabolism.

A

transcriptional activator

17
Q

Why is GAL4 (yeast transcriptional activator for several genes involved in galactose metabolism) widely used in molecular biology research?

A

Most other eukaryotes don’t have a homologous transcription factor (a transcription factor that equates to GAL4).

18
Q

The element that GAL4 (yeast transcriptional activator) binds to is called UASg (g is a subscript G) which stands for __ __ __ for ‘G’AL4.

A

‘U’pstream ‘A’ctivator ‘S’equence (for ‘G’AL4)

19
Q

GAL4 is regulated by __.
In the absence of galactose, __ binds to GAL4 and prevents transcription.
In the presence of galactose, __ binds to galactose causing __ changes and preventing it from binding to GAL4.

A

GAL₈₀

GAL₈₀
GAL₈₀; allosteric

20
Q

__ - the element to which GAL4 binds, is located 1000s of bp away from the galactose genes it regulates which makes it look like an __ sequence.

A

UASg; enhancer

21
Q

Most enhancers interact with many genes. One potential problem is you don’t want them interacting with an unintended target; this issue is resolved by __ __(aka __ elements).

A

insulator elements; boundary.

22
Q

If an __ lies between and enhancer and a promoter, it blocks the action of the enhancer.

A

insulator

23
Q

For Eukaryotes, thermal stress activates ~20 heat shock genes dispersed throughout the genome (opposite of operons) in a coordinated manner with the help of __ elements.

A

response

24
Q

Genes that require coordinated transcription (e.g. heat shock) share common regulatory elements called __ elements.
One gene can have a multiple __ elements enabling transcription / activation of a single gene in response to various stimuli.

A

response

response

25
Q

__ splicing of mRNA can also regulate gene expression. An example is __ protein in Drosophila: it’s produced in females, but not males. When present, it affects the splice site of pre-mRNA for __ producing a functional protein. Functional __ protein causes female-specific splicing of the __ pre-mRNA.

A

Alternative

sxl

tra
tra

dsx

26
Q

In male Drosophila, the absence of __ protein changes the cascade of events leading to male-specific splicing of __ pre-mRNA (and a ___ protein due to a premature __ codon in exon B). This, in turn, leads to male-specific splicing of __ pre-mRNA.

A

sxl; tra; nonfunctional; stop

dsx

27
Q

Degradation of mRNA usually begins at the _’ __. But mRNA stability is much higher in eukaryotes which can lead to large differences in the __ of protein made.

A

5’ cap

quantity / amount

28
Q
RNA silencing (interference):
--RNA is cleaved by \_\_ and unwound to produce --RNAs. These --RNAs combine with \_\_ complex, then bind to complimentary regions of mRNA. The --RNA/\_\_complex cleaves mRNA which leads to \_\_.
A

dsRNA; Dicer; siRNAs

siRNAs; RISC

siRNA/RISC; degradation

29
Q

Eukaryotic gene regulation:
There are factors that bind with the _’ __ or the _’ __ (rarer) that affect the rate of translation.

In addition to the rate of translation, control of gene expression can happen post-translation because newly-synthesized proteins are often __ and require additional processes such as __, __, __, __ (MPGA).

A

5’ UTR; 3’ UTR

inactive; methylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation; acetylation.

30
Q

Which of the following statements about histone and gene expression is correct?
A. In a general sense, highly condensed DNA bound with histone proteins represses gene expression.
B. Acetylation involves the addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins, and it usually results in repression of transcription.
C. Addition of methyl groups to the tails of histone proteins always results in activation of transcription.
D. All statements above are correct

A

A. In a general sense, highly condensed DNA bound with histone proteins represses gene expression.

31
Q

Yeast cultures are normally grown at 30°C. Suppose you isolate a strain with a temperature sensitive mutation in the Gal₈₀ gene. The Gal₈₀ protein cannot bind to Gal4 when the cells are grown at 30°C. What would you predict would occur when this mutant yeast strain is grown at 30°C in the absence of galactose?
A. The Gal4 protein will bind to UASG and stimulate transcription.
B. The Gal4 protein will bind to an UAS other than UASG.
C. The Gal₈₀ protein will bind to UASG instead of Gal4
D. The Gal₈₀ protein will be degraded.
E. You cannot predict the outcome based on the information provided.

A

A. The Gal4 protein will bind to UASG and stimulate transcription.

32
Q

In eukaryotes, there are a variety of post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation. Which of these mechanisms function in the nucleus?
A. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA
B. Increased initiation of translation
C. miRNA mediated translational repression
D. Addition of phosphate or sugar groups to proteins

A

A. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

33
Q

__ is a form of gene regulation that couples transcription and translation.

A

Attenuation.

34
Q

Which of the following mutations would probably lead to constitutive (continuous) gene expression?
A. The DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator protein such that it no longer bound to the appropriate enhancer.
B. The TATA box sequence in the core promoter sequence that abolishes binding with the TATA box binding protein.
C. A repressor protein that could not bind to the operator sequence of the bacterial operon.
D. An enhancer sequence that moved it 200 bp upstream from its usual position.
E. More than one of the above

A

C. A repressor protein that could not bind to the operator sequence of the bacterial operon.

35
Q

Which of the following are key differences between the gene organization in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A. Monocistronic mRNA is found exclusively in prokaryotic cells.
B. Histone proteins are associated with prokaryotic DNA to form chromatin.
C. A small fraction (less than 5%) of the eukaryotic genome is composed of
repetitive DNA sequences.
D. Only eukaryotic genes are organized into introns and exons.
E. All of the above

A

D. Only eukaryotic genes are organized into introns and exons.

36
Q

Leucine zippers are structural motifs commonly associated with
A. Enhancers and promoters
B. DNA binding proteins
C. Methylases (the enzymes that methylate DNA)
D. Prokaryotic sigma factor
E. Select this answer if more than one of the choices A-D are correct.

A

B. DNA binding proteins

37
Q

Recessive mutations in a gene are nearly always __ and are inherited as __ alleles
A. Gain-of-function mutations; recessive.
B. Loss-of-function mutations; recessive.
C. Recessive lethal mutations; dominant.
D. Nonsense mutations; dominant.
E. None of the above.

A

B. Loss-of-function mutations; recessive.