Chapter 17 - Control of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Flashcards
Eukaryotic structural genes each have their own __ and are transcribed __.
Promoter; independently
__ mRNA: each mRNA codes for a single polypeptide.
__ mRNA: each mRNA codes for 2 or more polypeptides and is only found in __.
monocistronic
polycistronic; prokaryotes
Transcription in eukaryotes requires unwinding of DNA from __; basically changing from __ to __.
nucleosomes; heterochromatin; euchromatin
Eukaryotes have much more transcriptional __ and __ than their prokaryotic counterparts.
Of the two, eukaryotes have more __ than __.
activators; repressors
activators; repressors
__ __ complex binds to DNA and repositions nucleosomes to expose a transcription factor binding site. __ is the energy source.
Chromatin remodeling
ATP
This experiment is used to “probe” chromatin structure; it can detect changes in chromatin and determine areas that are transcriptionally active.
DNAse I Hypersensitivity
DNA located ~ 1000 bp upstream of a promoter of transcriptionally __ genes is hypersensitive to cleavage by __ _. This indicates that chromatin is more loosely associated (relaxed) with __.
active; DNAse I
nucleosomes
One way in which chromatin is relaxed is via histone __. Histones have positively charged “__” that interact with negatively charged __. __ transferases transfer __ groups to __ and __ (AAs found in histones) and neutralize their charge to relax the chromatin.
acetylation.
tails; phosphates
Acetyl; acetyl; arginine; lysine
T or F: Histone acetylation makes DNA more resistant to degradation by DNAse I.
False: it makes it hypersensitive
In general; high levels of DNA methylation are correlated with __ transcription.
repressed.
__ of cytosine at the 5th position is an important mechanism for controlling transcription. __ usually occurs in p islands: areas where __ cytosine is followed by __ which repress gene expression. This is found in inactive genes such as the inactive __ chromosome of mammalian females.
methylation
Methylation; CpG; methylated; guanine
X
__ changes are usually due to methylation; and some of these changes can be passed to progeny.
epigenetics
__ transcription factors assemble as part of the BAS. Together they bind to the __ promoter.
General; core
Transcriptional __ enhance the rate of transcription by stimulating or stabilizing the BTA. They bind to either a __ promoter (upstream of the __ promoter) or to an __.
Activators
regulatory; core; enhancer
Transcriptional activators have 2 functional __: (1) one __ binds to a specific DNA sequence - either an __ or a __ promoter; (2) the other __ interacts directly with the __ of the BTA, or it interacts with a __.
domains; domain;
enhancer; regulatory;
domain; mediator; coactivator