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Bio > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major function of the respiratory system

A

to supple the body with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what are the four respiratory process

A

1) internal respiration: gas exchange between systemic blood and vessels and tissues
2) external respiration: gas exchange between the lungs and tissues
3) transport: transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
4) pulmonary ventilation: moving air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

what are the two respiratory zones

A

1) conduction 2) respiratory

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4
Q

Describe the function of the conducting zone

A

provides rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange. cleans, humidifies, and worms air.

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5
Q

what structures does the conduction zone include

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea

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6
Q

Describe the function of the respiratory zone

A

actual site or gas exchange,

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7
Q

what structures does the respiration zone include

A

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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8
Q

what is the function of respiratory muscles

A

to promote ventilation ex: diaphragm

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the nasal conchae

A

has three layers, superior, middle, inferior. Bony projections that extend into nasal cavity from lateral projections

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10
Q

Describe the strutter of the nasal meatuses

A

has three layers, superior, middle, inferior. groove like passages formed form the nasal conchae. (floor is formed form soft and hard plates)

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11
Q

what role does the internal nares (choanae) play

A

communication holes between internal nose and pharynx.

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12
Q

what part of the nose lines the s uperior nasal cavity and contains sell receptors

A

olfactory mucosa

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13
Q

what part of the nose lines the balance of the nasal cavity

A

respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

what is the function of seromucous nasal glands

A

to secrete mucus containing lysozymes and defences to help destroy bacteria

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15
Q

where are the paranasal sinus ducts located

A

mucosa lined air cavities where air is moistened and wormed

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16
Q

what is the structure of the pharynx

A

funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle

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17
Q

what parts of the body does the pharynx connect to

A

1) nasal cavity and mouth superiorly

2) larynx and esophagus inferioryly

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18
Q

where does the pharynx extend from

A

the base of the skull to the 6th cervical vertebra

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19
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A

1) nasopharynx 2) oropharynx 3) laryngopharynx

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20
Q

what is the function of the nasopharynx

A

strictly an air passageway. contains pharyngeal tonsil

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21
Q

what is the function of the oropharynx

A

servers as a common passage for both air and food

contains 2 paris of tonsils (platen and lingual)

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22
Q

what is the function of the laryngopharynx

A

serves as a common passage for food and air

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23
Q

what are the four main function of the pharynx

A

1) respiration (airway) 2) digestion (swallowing) 3) immunological role (tonsils) 4) sound (effects sound by acting as a resonance chamber)

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24
Q

what is the structure of the larynx

A

air passageway that connects pharynx with trachea, consists of nine pieces of cartilage (also known as voice box)

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25
Q

what are the three main types of cartilage in the larynx

A

1) thyroid 2) cricoid 3) epiglottis

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26
Q

what type of cartilage makes up the three main types of cartilage in the larynx

A

1) Thyroid: consists of hyaline cartilage (adams apple)
2) Cricoid: ringed hyaline cartilage (landmark for tracheostomy)
3) Epiglottis: leaf shaped elastic cartilage covers glottis when swallowing

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27
Q

in distending order list the structures of the larynx

A

epiglotis -> vestibular fold -> thryoid cartilage -> vocal fold -> cricoid cartilage

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28
Q

where does the trachea extend from

A

from larynx into mediastinum. 16-20 rings of incomplete cartilage. provides strong flexible support and protection

29
Q

what are the four layers of the trachea

A

1) mucosa: made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium- lines lumen
2) submucosa: made up of connective tissue
3) hyaline cartilage: layer made up of c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
4) adventitia: outer most covering

30
Q

what marks the the end of the trachea and the beginning of the right and left bronchi

A

the last tracheal cartilage (carina of trachea)

31
Q

what does the secondary bronchi represent

A

bronchi subdivision,

32
Q

how many secondary bronchi is there in the left and right lung

A

right lung = 3 (3 lobes)
left lung = 2 (2 lobes)
*one for each lobe

33
Q

Secondary bronchi subdivides into ___, ___, ___,

A

tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

34
Q

the tissue wall of the bronchi is similar to ?

A

the tracheal wall

35
Q

as the the bronchi conducting tubes get smaller what structural changes occur

A
  • cartilage changes from incomplete rings to plates and then disappears completely in bronchioles
  • epithelium changes from ciliated columnar, to non-ciliated simple cuboidal
  • amount of smooth muscle increases
36
Q

what defines respiratory bronchioles

A
  • defined by the presence of alveoli, begins as terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
  • lead to alveolar ducts
37
Q

list some of the structural components of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • consist of cuboidal epithelium,
  • have a complete layer of circular smooth muscle
  • lack both cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
38
Q

where do respiratory bronchioles lead to

A

they lead to alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs, composed of alveoli

39
Q

what accounts for most of the lungs volume

A

alveoli (~300 million)

-provide a lot of surface area for gas exchange

40
Q

the air-blood barrier is composed of:

A
  • alveolar and capillary walls

- their fused basal laminas

41
Q

how do the two alveolar walls compare to one another

A

1) composed of simple squamous cells, surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane, allows for gas exchange through simple diffusion
2) composed of cuboidal cells that secrete “detergent-like” surfactant to coat alveolar and reduce surface tension

42
Q

what are the three significant features about alveoli

A

1) contain pores (allow air pressure throughout lung to be equalized, connect adjacent alveoli)
2) surrounded by fine elastic fibers
3) contain macrophages that keep alveoli surface sterile

43
Q

compare the right and left lung

A 
right= is thicker, broader, and shorter than left lung, is separated into three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) by the horizontal fissure and oblique fissure. has three secondary bronchi 
left= separated into two lobes (superior, inferior) by the oblique fissure, has two secondary bronchi
44
Q

the pleural cavity is filled with?

A

pleural fluid

45
Q

what is the intrapulmonary pressure

A
  • (Ppul) pressure within the alveoli

- always eventually equalizes itself with atmospheric P

46
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure

A
  • (Pin) pressure within the pleural cavity

- always less than intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

47
Q

what are the two forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall, promoting lung collapse

A
  • elasticity of lungs causes them to assume smallest possible size
  • surface tension of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their smallest possible size
48
Q

what pressure keeps airways open in the lungs

A

transpulmonary pressure,

*transpulmonary pressure = Ppul-Pip

49
Q

the inspiratory muscles include

A

diaphragm and external intercoastal

50
Q

during inspiration what happens to intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

A

they both decrease

51
Q

during expiration what happens to intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

A

they increase

52
Q

define tidal volume

A

air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath (~500ml)

53
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200) *inspiratory capacity (IC) = (IRV + TV)

54
Q

expiratory reserve volume describes what

A

air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000-1200ml)

55
Q

what is the air left in the lungs afar strenuous expiration called

A

residual volume

56
Q

define vital capacity (VC)

A

the total amount of exchangeable air (TV+IRV+ERV)

57
Q

define total lung capacity

A

(TLC) sum of all lung volumes (~6000ml in males)

58
Q

Define Boyle’s law

A

if capacity is reduced pressure goes up

59
Q

Define Dalton’s law of partial pressures

A

the total gas pressure is equivalent to the sum of all the individual gas pressures

60
Q

Define Henry’s Law

A

when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

  • the greater the [gas] the faster it will go into solution form
  • as liquid temp increases solubility goes down
61
Q

compare the solubility of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen

A
  • carbon dioxide is the most soluble
  • oxygen is 1/20th as soluble
  • nitrogen is practically insoluble in plasma
62
Q

oxygen has a steep partial pressure gradient

A

True, it allows oxygen partial pressures to rapidly reach equilibrium and thus blood can move three times as quickly,through the pulmonary capillary and still be adequately oxygenated

63
Q

cardon dioxide has a lower partial pressure gradient than oxygen,

A

buttt it diffuses in equal amounts with oxygen

64
Q

when is hemoglobin almost completely saturdayed

A

at a Po2 of 70mmHg

65
Q

what happens if Po2 increases

A

produced only small increases in oxygen binding

66
Q

how much oxygen is unloaded during one systemic circulation

A

20-25%

67
Q

if oxygen levels in tissues drop what happens

A
  • more oxygen dissociated from hemoglobin and is used by cells
  • respiratory and cardiac output don’t increase
68
Q

increases in H+, Po2, temp, and BPG, do what to hemoglobin saturation

A

decreases hemoglobins affinity for oxygen, enhance oxygen unloading form the blood

69
Q

what happens as cells metabolize glucose

A

-carbon dioxide is realized in the blood causing: -increases in Pco2 and H+ concentration in capillary blood, decking pH (acidosis) which weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond (bohr effect)

Bio (11 decks)

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