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Bio > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Coronary Artery Disease

A

when the heart tissue is damaged due to inadequate flow of blood to the heart

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2
Q

When do you show symptoms of coronary artery disease

A

when 75% of blood flow is blocked

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3
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

a disease of arteries where fatty lesions called plaque build up making the artery walls inelastic and brittle

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4
Q

Plaque can obstruct what

A

blood flow in the heart, Leading to angina (sever chest pain) or myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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5
Q

What is it called when reduction of bloodflow where hypoxia of cardiac tissue results without killing cardiac muscle cells

A

Ischemia (can lead to angina pectoris - the pain accompanying myocardial ischemia)

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6
Q

What is myocardial infraction

A

HEART ATTACK - death of cardiac cells due to lack of oxygen

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7
Q

What causes a heart attack

A

death of cardiac cells due to lack of oxygen

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8
Q

what is the usual cause of myocardial infraction

A

thrombus (stationary blood clot) or embolus (blood clot transported to coronary artery)

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9
Q

Define arrhythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

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10
Q

define atrial fibrillation

A

asynchronous atrial contractions causing them to quiver rather than pump

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11
Q

What is congestive heart failure

A

when one side of the heart fails (ventricle) is damaged and doesn’t pump efficiently as the other side.

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12
Q

What is peripheral edema

A

when interstitial fluid builds up (caused my congestive heart failure)

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13
Q

which pump fails during pulmonary edema

A

the left pump fails fluid builds up in lungs

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14
Q

which pump fails during Peripheral edema

A

the right pump, noticeable in feet and ankles

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15
Q

Define blood vessels

A

carry blood in a closed system of vessels, that begin and end at the heart

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16
Q

what are the three main types of blood vessels and where do they carry blood to

A

1) Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
2) Veins: carry blood towards the heart
3) Capillaries: contract tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs

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17
Q

Define Lumen

A

central blood containing space surrounded by three tunics

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18
Q

What are the three tunics

A

arteries and veins are composed of tunics:

1) tunica interna 2) tunica media 3) tunica externa

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19
Q

What are capillaries composed of

A

endothelium with sparse basal lamina

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20
Q

which tunica layer contains endothelial cells

A

tunica interna

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21
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

second tunica layer, has smooth muscle and elastic fibbers, regulated by sympathetic nervous system. Controls vasoconstriction / vasodilation of vessels

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22
Q

describe tunica externa

A

collagen fivers that protect and reinforce vessels. Larger vessels contain Vasa Vasorum (system of tiny blood vessels that nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall.

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23
Q

briefly describe elastic/conducting arteries

A

Thick-walled, near the heart, aorta and its major branches; large lumen allow low-reistance conduction of blood, contain elastin in all three tunics, withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations; allow blood to flow fairly continuously though the body

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24
Q

Briefly describe muscular/distributing arteries

A

distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs. Have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue. active in vasoconstriction

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25
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds. control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction

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26
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels

A

capillaries, walls consisting of a thin tunica intern one ell thick, allow only a single RBC to pass at a time

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27
Q

What are the three structural types of capillaries

A

1) continuous 2)fenestrated 3) sinusoids

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28
Q

Describe the anatomy of Continuous capillaries

A
  • abundant in skin and muscles
  • endothelial cells = uninterrupted lining
  • adjacent cells held together by tight junctions
  • intercellular clefts of unjoined membranes allow the passage of fluids
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29
Q

Continuous capillaries of the brain

A

constitute the blood-brain barrier

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30
Q

Describe Fenestrated Cappillaries

A

found where active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs (e.g.. small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys)

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31
Q

Which capillary is characterized by an endothelium riddled with pores

A

Fenestrated capillaries. (greater permeability to elutes and fluids than other capillaries)

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32
Q

Describe Sinusoids structure

A

-highly modified - leaky - fenestrated capillaries with large lumens

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33
Q

where are sinusoids found

A

liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and in some endocrine organs

34
Q

what function do sinusoids do

A

allow large molecules (proteins &BC’s) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues. Blood flows sluggishly allowing for modification in various ways.

35
Q

Describe true capillaries

A

10-100 per capillary bed, branch from arterioles and provide exchange between cells and the blood, and metarterioles, which are short vessels that directly connect the arterioles and venules at opposite ends of the bed.

36
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A
  • cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary
  • regulates blood flow into the capillary
  • blood flow is regulated by vasomotor nerves and local chemical conditions, so it can either bypass or flood the capillary bed
37
Q

What do venues allow

A

fluids and WBC’s to pass from the bloodstream to tissues

38
Q

Describe postcapillary venules

A

Small vessels through which blood flows after leaving the capillaries and before reaching the veins

-venules do not have vales.

39
Q

Veins are formed when

A

formed when venules converge

40
Q

How many tunics make up a vein

A

three tunics, with a thunica media and thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibers and elastic networks

41
Q

what contains 65% of the blood supply

A

capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs)

42
Q

where do veins take blood to

A

to the heart

43
Q

do veins have valves

A

yes

44
Q

define venous sinuses

A

specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls.

45
Q

Define anastomoses

A

merging blood vessels moe common in veins than arteries

46
Q

Arterial Anastomoses

A

provide alternate pathways for blood to reach a given body rejion

47
Q

what are thoroughfare channels examples of

A

arteriovenous anastomoses

48
Q

_____ actual volume of blood flowing though a vessel an organ or the entire circulation in a given period

A

blood flow (ml per min)

49
Q

_____ fore per unit area extered on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood

A

blood pressure (mmHG)

50
Q

____ opposite to flow

A

resistance

51
Q

what does resistance measure

A

the amount of friction blood encountered as it passes though vessels (generally encountered in the systemic circulation)

52
Q

what is resistance referred to as

A

peripheral resistance

53
Q

what are the three important sources of resistance

A

1) blood viscosity 2) total blood vessel length 3) blood vessel diameter

54
Q

define blood viscosity

A

thickness of the blood

55
Q

does resistance increase within longer vessels

A

the longer the vessel the greater the resistance

56
Q

Blood vessel diameter

A

changes in vessel diameter are frequent and significantly alter peripheral resistance.

57
Q

how are blood flow and blood pressure realted

A

they are proportional F ∞ ∧P

58
Q

how are blood flow and resistance related

A

inversely proportional F ∞ 1/R

59
Q

what direction to pressure gradients flow from

A

higher to lower pressure areas

60
Q

Define systemic pressure

A

is highest in aorta, declines though out the length of the pathway 0 mmHg in the right atrium

61
Q

the steepest change in blood pressure occurs_____

A

in the arterioles

62
Q

Systemic pressure:
is highest:
is what mmHg in the right atrium:

A

is highest in the aorta,
is 0 mmHg in the right atrium
declines throughout the length of the pathway

63
Q

what two factors does aerial BP reflect (i.e. the arteries close to the heart)

A

1) elasticity (compliance or distensibility)

2) the amount of blood forced into them at any given time

64
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

pressure extorted on arterial walls during ventricle contractions

65
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

lowest level of arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle

66
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

67
Q

what is MAP

A

mean arterial pressure: pressure that propels the blood to the tissues map= diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

68
Q

why is a low capillary blood pressure desirable

A

because a high BP would rupture thin walled, fragile capillaries

69
Q

what range does capillary BP fall into

A

20-40 mmHg

70
Q

what is a low capillary BP still capable to do

A

force filtrate into interstitial space and distribute nutrients, gases, and hormones between blood and tissues.

71
Q

How does Venous BP change

A

very little, it is steady and changed little during the cardiac cycle

72
Q

what is the pressure gradient in venous system

A

~20mmHg

73
Q

a cut vein vas a cut artery

A

vein= even blood flow

artery=spurts in blood flow

74
Q

** remember this path

A

Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae

75
Q

What are the two factors that aid venous return to the heart

A

1) respiratory “pump”: pressure changes during breathing sucks blood towards the heart by squeezing local veins.
2) muscle “pump”: skeletal muscle contractions “milk” blood toward the heart.
* *valves prevent back flow during venous return

76
Q

What factors are needed in maintaining BP

A

1) cooperations of the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels

2) supervision of the brain

77
Q

What are the three main factors influencing BP

A

1) Cardiac Output
2) Peripheral resistance
3) Blood volume
P=CO x PR

78
Q

what has the highest blood volume at rest

A

systemic veins and venues reservoir = 60%
then systemic arteries and arterioles =15%
pulmonary vessels = 12%

79
Q

what controls resting heart rate

A

cardioinhibitory center via the vagus nerves

80
Q

under stress the cardio __________ centre _______

A

the cardio accelerator centre increases heart rate and stroke volume

81
Q

Increased BP stimulates the kidneys to:

A

stop water, thus reducing BP

82
Q

Decreased BP stimulates the kidneys to:

A

increase blood volume and BP

Bio (11 decks)

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