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Bio > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Apex of Heart

A

inferior end formed by left ventricle

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2
Q

Base of Heart

A

Is superior/posterior portion formed by the atria; points to right shoulder

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3
Q

Pericardium Main Functions

A

1) Protects and anchors heart 2) Prevents heart from overfilling with blood 3) Allows the heart to work in a relatively friction free environment.

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4
Q

Coverings of the Heart (4)

A

1) Fibrous pericardium 2) Parietal Pericardium 3) Pericardial Cavity 4) Visceral / Epicardium

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5
Q

List the three layers of the heart wall

A

1) Epicardium (visceral pericardium) outer layer
2) Myocardium: cardiac muscle, bulk of the heart
3) Endocardium: endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface

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6
Q

Where is the right ventricle located

A

(looking at piece of paper straight on) its on the left bottom side of the heart.

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7
Q

Where is the right Atrium

A

on the left upper side of heart

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8
Q

Where is the left ventricle/ atrium

A 
ventricle = right, lower side of heart, 
atrium = right upper side of heart
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9
Q

Define Sulci (sulcus)

A

Groove on the surface of the heart

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10
Q

Define Coronary Sulcus

A

a depression surrounding the heart at the atrioventricular junction and giving passage to coronary arteries, coronary veins, and the coronary sinus.

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11
Q

Define Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

A

shallow groove between left and right ventricles on anterior surface (over septum)

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12
Q

Define Posterior Interentricular sulcus

A

siilar landmark but on the posteroinferior surface

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13
Q

Name the two vessels returning blood to the heart

A

Superior/ Inferior Venae cavae, Right/Left pulmonary veins

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14
Q

Name the two vessels conveying blood away from the heart

A 
Pulmonary Trunk (left/right pulmonary arteries) 
Ascending aorta ( Brachiocephalic, left common, left subclavian arteries)
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15
Q

Compare the Atrias’ of the heart to the ventricles

A

-Atrias are the receiving chambers, and ventricles are the discharging chambers

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16
Q

What is a pectinate muscle

A

a combed muscle in the atrial walls

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17
Q

what three veins give blood to the right atrium

A

1) superior venae cavae (drains body superior to diaphragm)
2) Inferior venae cavae (drains body inferior from diaphragm)
3) Coronary sinus (drains myocardium) (is a vein attached to heart)

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18
Q

Where do the 4 pulmonary veins drain their blood to

A

the Left atrium

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19
Q

Describe Ventricles

A

pump blood away from the heart

20
Q

where and what do papillary muscles and trabecular carneae muscles do

A

they mark the ventricular walls and prevent Artrioventricular valves from everting (going in or out on themselves)

21
Q

which ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

A

Right ventricle

22
Q

where does the left ventricle pump blood to

A

the aorta

23
Q

What is the function of heart valves

A

ensure unidirectional blood flow

24
Q

Antrioventricular (AV)

A

prevents back flow from ventricles to atria
Right side = tricuspid
Left side = Mitral valvue (bicuspid)

25
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Anchores AV valves to papillary muscles

26
Q

Where do the two semilunar vales flow to and from

A

1) aortic semilunar: from left ventricle to aorta

2) pulmonary semilunar: from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

27
Q

how many nuclei can a heart muscle have

A

one or two

28
Q

how do heart muscles behave

A

as a single coordinated unit (functional syncytium)

29
Q

How does a heart muscle contract

A

1) stimulated by nerves

2) self-excitable (autorythmic: generates its own rhythmic action potentials independent of the nervous system).

30
Q

Describe the function of Senatorial Nodes

A

a small group of cells in the walls of the right atrium that control the rhythmic beating of the heart. (SA nodes)

31
Q

Does the heart have a long or short refractory period

A

A long one. (becomes unresponsive to further stimuli after a stimulation)

32
Q

Briefly describe the 3 phases of action potentials in the cardiac muscle cells

A

1) Depolarization: na+ influx through fast na+ voltage gated channels. Channel inactivation ends this phase
2) Plateau Phase: due to Ca2+ influx through slow Ca2+ channels. this keeps the cell depolarized because few K+ channels are open
3) Repolarization: due to Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening. allows K+ efflux, which brings the membrane potential back to its resting voltage.

33
Q

Does nervous input modify cardiac conduction

A

Yes, but cardiac muscles can initiate action potentials on their own

34
Q

what cells can depolarize spontaneously

A

pacemaker cells, (unstable resting potentials = pacemaker potentials)

35
Q

what does calcium influx represent

A

the rising phase of the action potentials in the cardiac system

36
Q

Where does Purkinje Finbers carry an impulse to

A

the heart apex and ventricular walls

37
Q

Where do bundle branches carry an impulse to

A

the apex of the heart

38
Q

what does p wave correspond to

A

depolarization of SA nodes

39
Q

QRS complex corresponds to

A

ventricular depolarization

40
Q

T wave corresponds to

A

ventricular depolarization

41
Q

Lub Lub =

A

closing of the heart

42
Q

sounds occur when

A

1) AV valves close

2) SL valves close

43
Q

What does a cardiac cycle refer to

A

all events associated with blood flow through the hear

44
Q

Systole =

A

contraction of heart muscle

45
Q

Diastole =

A

relaxation of heart muscle

46
Q

What does cardiac output mean

A

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

47
Q

CO is the product of what

A

Heart reate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

Bio (11 decks)

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