Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > Ch 12, nerves and brain > Flashcards

Ch 12, nerves and brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two somatosensory areas

A

1) primary somatosensory cortex: information from skin and skeletal muscles, spatial discrimination
2) somatosensory association cortex: integrates somatosensory input with memory, formulates comprehensive understanding of stimulus, determines size, texture, and relationship of parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Motor and Sensory Areas of the cortex

A

come back to this one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two visual areas

A

1) primary visual (striate) cortex: received visual information form the retina
2) Visual association area: uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (colour, form, and movement), recognition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three auditory areas

A

1) Primary auditory cortex: receives information via the ear regarding pitch, rhythm, and loudness
2) Auditory association cortex: stores memories of sound and permits perception of sound. Inditify as scream, thunder, music etc.
3) wernicke’s area: sounding out unfamiliar words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what sensory areas relate to taste and smell

A

1) olfactory cortex: smell
2) Gustatory cortex: in insula, taste
3) vestilbular cortex: balances enters, in posterior part of insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many Multimodal association areas are there

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 3 multimodal association areas

A

1) anterior association area: prefrontal cortex, involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality. pessary for judgement, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
2) Posterior association area: parts of temporal, parietal, and occipital, recognizing patterns and faces, general awareness or situations, understanding language.
3) Limbic association area: part of limbic system, = “emotional” brain - pain, pleasure, anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the differences between the left and right hemispheres

A

Left: has more control over language abilities, math, and logic,
Right: is involved in visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the three important white matter areas of the brain

A

1) Commissures: connect hemispheres ex: corpus callsum
2) association fibers: connect parts of same hemisphere
3) Projection fibers: connect cerebral cortex with lower areas or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of cerebral white matter

A

Communication: between cerebral areas, between cerebral cortex and lower CNS enters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the functions of the basal nucleii

A
  • receives input from entire cerebral cortex
  • role in motor control
  • starting, stopping movements, intensity of movement, stop unnecessary movements,
  • disorder: huntington’s and parkinson’s diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the three parts of he diencephalon

A

1- thalamus
2- hypothalamus
3-epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A
  • gatekeeper of input information
  • receives input from all senses and sorts it out
  • impulses of similar function are sorted, edited, and relayed as group
  • key role in mediating sensation, motor activites, learning, and memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A
  • located below thalamus
  • homeostatis
  • influences BP, HR, respiratory rate, difestive tract motility, ect.
  • center for emotional response (fear, rage, pleasure)
  • control of endocrine system : regulates hormone release via anterior
  • regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the epithalamus

A
  • most dorsal part of diencephalon
  • pineal gland: secretes melatonin: sleep-inducing regulates sleep-wake cycle
  • Choroid plexus: structure that secretes CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the vital life functions of the brain stem

A
  • breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure

- associated with 12 cranial nerves - covered in lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what parts are included in the brain stem

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of the midbrain

A

visual and auditory reflex centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of the pons

A

relay between motor cortex and cerebellum

20
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A
  • autonomic reflex center ( 3 components)
    a. cardiovascular center: heart rate and force, blood vessel diameter (bp)
    b. respiratory center: rate and depth of breathing
    c. reflexes: vomiting, hiccups, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
21
Q

what is the cerebellum’s function

A
  • balance
  • posture
  • coordination of skeletal muscle movement
22
Q

what is mapped out in the cerebellum

A

-anterior and posterior lobes have motor and sensory maps of body

23
Q

How is the Amygdala a protection mechanism

A

it assesses danger ex: see someone growling you stay away from them

24
Q

how does the cerebellum work

A
  1. motor cortex sends messages to cerebellum indicating it will be initiating movement
  2. simultaneously the cerebellum receives information indicating body position
  3. the cerebellum determines how to coordinate the movement.
  4. then it sends this information to the motor cortex so it can carry it out
25
Q

What are the two function brain systems

A
  1. limbic system

2. reticular formation

26
Q

what is the limbic system responsible for

A
  1. emotional response
  2. memory processing
    * consists of many areas of brain
27
Q

what is an example location of the limbic system

A
  • Amygdala: recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, elicits fear response
28
Q

limbic system is linked to areas of the brain for ______, hence _______ _______ responses

A

smell, odors trigger

29
Q

What is an example location of the limbic system cingulate gyrus (more than 1)

A
  • Cingulate gyrus: expression of emotion through gestures

- hippocmpus: converts new information into long-term memories

30
Q

What does reticular formation control: (function brain system)

A
  • controls arousal of the brain, Ex: reticular activating system sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
  • filters out repetitive or familiar stimuli
  • prevents sensory overload
31
Q

what are meninges

A

Membranes! covers and protects the CNS

  • protects blood vessels and encloses venous sinuses
  • form partitions within the skull
  • contains cerebrospinal fluid
32
Q

what are the three meninges:

A
  1. dura matter: tough, leathery
  2. arachnoid matter: separated from dura by suburb space
    - below it is subarachnoid space which is filled with CSF
  3. Pia matter: delicate connective tissue -clings to brain
33
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid found

A
  1. in brain and spinal cord
34
Q

what generates cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells that line cavities of brain and spinal cord

35
Q

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • allows brain to float in skull so it is not crushed by its own weight
  • acts as shock absorber
  • nourishes brain
36
Q

how much/how often is cerebrospinal fluid replaced

A

adult humans: 150 ml of CSF

-replaced every 8 hours

37
Q

define choroid plexus

A

-clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle (4)

38
Q

what type of pump does the choroid plexus contain, and what is it purpose

A
  • ion pump, allows them to alter concentrations of CSF

- helps clean CSF by removing wastes

39
Q

What is Hydrocephalus, and what is the result

A

= accumulation of CSF

  • results in large head in baby (skull ca expand)
  • adult skull is fixed so pressure may result in brain damage
  • treatment = shunt
40
Q

slide 41 come back to

A

l

41
Q

motor neurons = efferent (effect) ventral vr

A

afferent = sensory neurons

42
Q

what is the visceral motor correlated to

A

organ responses

43
Q

somatic

A

= body, i.e non body

44
Q

ascending = up vs

A

descending = down

45
Q

decussation =

A

cross over from one side of CNS to other

46
Q

ascending spinal tracts = sensory, give an example

A
  1. spinocerebellar - dorsal and ventral
    - subconscious
    - relay to cerebellum
    - coordinates muscle activity
  2. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal
    - conscious
    - transmit via thalamus to somatosensory cortex for conscious interpretation
47
Q

Descending spinal tacts = motor, give an example

A
  1. Pyramidal pathways
    - primary motor cortex directly to muscles
    - skilled (fast and fine) voluntary movement

Bio (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions