Chapter 16 hormones

Question 1

major functions of the endocrine system

Answer 1

produce and secrete hormones, these hormones regulate the body’s growth, sexual development, metabolism.

Question 2

what organs are included in the endocrine system

Answer 2

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testies, ect.

Question 3

briefly describe lipid soluble hormone action

Answer 3

hormone binds to receptor in either the cell body or cell nucleus, once it has blinded the hormone complex binds to a specific DNA region, and this initiates transcription of mRNA, the mRNA directs protein synthesis

Question 4

briefly describe lipid soluble hormone action

Answer 4

hormone binds to cell membrane, which activates a secondary messenger (g protein), the g protein activates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP, which then activates protein synthesis

Question 5

what are the 3 types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones

Answer 5

1) chemical changes in blood
2) nervous system
3) other hormones

Question 6

what are the three hormone interactions:

Answer 6

1) synergism: two hormones display the same effects and when both present their effects are amplified
2) antagonism: one hormone opposes another
3) permissiveness: a hormone won’t display its full effect unless another specific hormone is present.

Question 7

Describe the hypothalamus

Answer 7

is the master endocrine control; controlling both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands.it released 9 different hormones that either prompt or inhibit the anterior and posterior hormonal release

Question 8

Growth hormone: location, effect

Answer 8

released by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates growth in children and helps regulate homeostasis

Question 9

Thyroid-stimulating hormone: location, effect

Answer 9

released by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates thyroid gland to produce and secrete T3 (responsible for cellular metabolic processes) , and T4.

Question 10

Luteinizing hormone: (LH) location, effect

Answer 10

released by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates ovulation, estrogen formation in ovarian cells, formation of corpus luteum

Question 11

Follicle stimulating hormone: (FSH) location, effect

Answer 11

released by anterior pituitary gland, promotes development of follicles, production of estrogens in females and sperm in males.

Question 12

Prolactin (PRL): location, effect

Answer 12

released by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates milk secretion in mammy glands,

Question 13

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) location, effect

Answer 13

released by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex

Question 14

Oxytocin: (OT) location, effect

Answer 14

released by posterior pituitary gland, stimulates “milk letdown” uterine contractions.

Question 15

Antidiuretic hormone: ADH location, effect

Answer 15

released by posterior pituitary gland, water reabsorption in kidney tubules.

Question 16

Thyroxine T4 and Triiodothyronine T3 location, effect

Answer 16

produced by the thyroid gland, help with regulation of cellular metabolism, basal metabolic rate and growth and development

Question 17

Calcitonin location, effect

Answer 17

released by thyroid gland, decreases blood calcium levels

Question 18

Parathyroid hormone: PTH location, effect

Answer 18

released by thyroid gland, increases blood calcium levels

Question 19

Glucocorticoids: location, effect

Answer 19

released by adrenal cortex, influences energy metabolism and helps resist stress

Question 20

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 20

produced by the adrenal medulla, involved in short term stress, which is involved with sympathetic nervous system triggers release. epinephrine and norepinephrine exert the same effect and prepare the body for flight or fight (synergism) 80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine.

Question 21

Briefly describe insulin

Answer 21

Beta pancreas cells,
released by pancreatic beta cells: lowers blood sugar, stimulates glycogen formation, stimulates glucose uptake from blood.

Question 22

briefly describe glucagon

Answer 22

alpha pancreas cells
pancreatic alpha cells release glucagon: promoting
glycogenolysis: breaks down glycogen and glucose.

Question 23

describe diabestes mellitus type 1

Answer 23

lack of insulin

Question 24

describe diabestes mellitus type 2

Answer 24

insulin present but effects are not present