chapter 22 Flashcards
sugarcane
muslim merchants began cultivating sugarcane in west asia and north africa. Muslims eposed Europeans to sugar and they then began to organize sugarecane plantaions. the high demand for sugar lead to more plantations. Since plantations needed workers, slaves and POW, they were also in high demand
gunpowder
mongols in China were responsible for the spread of gunpowder in other societies this lead to experimentation and overall new weapons for the soilders to use. it lwad to things like gunpowder bombs, rockets, and cannons. these weapons were mostley used to break down the walls of cities under seige. The discovery of gunpowder lead to advancments in weaponry and have the people an idea to experement with other tools.
Little ice age
1300
it was a global climate change that lead to the decline of temperatures in much of the world. ultimatly it lead to cooler temperatures and shorter growing seasons. this lead to famine and some times to starvation. this also lead to the relocation of some northern societies. cities who didn’t have enough for themselves stopped trading so it effected the economy as well
bubonic plague/ balck death
1300 in china
1340 in europe/ mid. east
it lead to the mass death and depopilation of cities. agruculture and trade break down which leads to a shortage in workers. this later leads to more focus on health/ medicine, religious activity, and labor saving devises (clock). This also had a influence on art during the time. the plauge was bad, but turned out to be good in the long run.
Ming Dynasty
1368- 1844
Ming ( brilliant) dynasty was founded by emperor Hongwu. This dynasty was predesessor to the mongol ruled Yuan dynasty. During the Ming dynasty Hongwu worked to restore the Chinese governent and destroy all evidence of Mongol rule. he reestablished the conducian education and bueaucratic system. and Ming emperors, unlike others, ruled directly without help from chief ministers.
mandarins
they were a special class of powerful officials. they held position in central government and helped to make sure local officials fallowed imperial polocy
Eunuchs
they gave government services. the eunuchs could not have familes of their own. therefor they have a hard time challenging the royal family. becasue of this major factor ming emperors employed Eunuchs more than any of the previous dynasties.
European
New monachies
they build it through taxes, bureaucracy, and military. the taxes were taken from everyone including noble officials. Non nobles in the governemtn forced nobles to pay for their taxes and had no way to aovid it. rulers used the money to create an army that could be used at any time and was ready to fight )loyal/ royal army). Rulers also encouraged trade which lead to exploration and expansion.
Renaissance Humanism
humanistic reserved scholars who studied literature, history, and moral philosophy. Humanists searched for classical works in their travels. they prefered classical teaching over medieval teachings. When humanists became friends with Byzantine scholars, and became a main cause for the large amounts of classical greek and latin resourses used by the scholars.
Zheng He
He was a muslim eunuch who set sail on an expedition to impose imperial control over foreign trade and to impress people with Chinese power recently restored to China during the Ming Dynasty. In his traveles he presented others with gifts exclusive to china such as Silk and Porcelain. this caused the spread of Chinesse influence in societies outside of China.
Prince Henrique/ Henry the Navigator
Portuges prince who travled from portugal around africa into the Indian Ocean, along side africa he found things like gold and slaves. once he arrived back home he learned a better way to navigate to India by learning how to use the monsoon winds to his advantages. This ultimatly established naval trade between portugal and China. This was also important becasue it was direct trade between portugal and china with no middle man (muslim and italian merchants).
