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Earth Science (9th) > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Air moves from ___ pressure to ___ pressure.

A

high

low

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2
Q

a large body of air throughout which temperature and moisture content is similar

A

air mass

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3
Q

What are the four types of air masses?

A

cT
cP
mT
mP

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4
Q

What are the three tropical air masses?

A

Maritime tropical Pacific (mT),
Continental tropical (cT),
Maritime tropical Atlantic (mT)

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5
Q

What are the three polar air masses?

A

Maritime polar Pacific (mP),
Continental polar Canadian (cP),
Maritime polar Atlantic (mP)

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6
Q

the boundary between air masses

A

front

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7
Q

cold air mass pushes under a warm air mass like a wedge

A

cold front

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8
Q

What type of clouds form during a cold front?

A

large cumulus, cumulonimbus clouds

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9
Q

What happens during a fast-moving cold front?

A

large, violent thunderstorms

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10
Q

the line of heavy thunder storms

A

squall line

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11
Q

What happens during a slow-moving cold front?

A

weaker storms and light precipitation

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12
Q

warm air mass moves over a cold mass

A

warm front

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13
Q

What happens during a warm front?

A

gradual front slope, clouds spread ahead and cover a large area, precipitation covers large area, violent weather is occasionally caused

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14
Q

front of an air mass that moves very slowly or not at all

A

stationary

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15
Q

cold air mass moves under a warm air mass and lifts the warm mass completely off the ground

A

occluded

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16
Q

During a polar front cold air mass sits over each pole until about ___ degrees latitude.

A

60

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17
Q

air sinks and flows out from a high pressure center

A

anticyclone

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18
Q

bend that forms in a cold front or a stationary front

A

wave

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19
Q

areas of low pressure that are characterized by rotating wind, which moves toward the rising air of the center, low pressure region

A

midlatitude cyclones

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20
Q

Midlatitude cyclones usually last ___ days, travel at a speed of ___ km/h in a ___ direction, and spin ___.

A

several
45
easterly
counterclockwise

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21
Q

the boundary where cold air meets warm tropical air

A

polar front

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22
Q

Which direction do anticyclones spin in? Why? Where?

A

clockwise
because of the Coriolis effect
northern hemisphere

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23
Q

What do anticyclones bring?

A

dry, clear weather

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24
Q

What could happen if anticyclones stay too long?

A

they could cause pollution or drought

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25
Q

brief, heavy storms that have rain, strong winds, lightning and thunder

A

thunderstorms

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26
Q

What are the three stages of a thunderstorm?

A
  1. cumulus
  2. mature
  3. dissipating
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27
Q

What happens in the first stage of a thunderstorm?

A

Cumulus- warm, moist air rises, water vapor condenses and forms cumulus clouds

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28
Q

What happens in the second stage of a thunderstorm?

A

Mature- clouds rise and form cumulonimbus clouds, heavy rainfall and hail may fall, strong up and down drafts

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29
Q

What happens in the third stage of a thunderstorm?

A

Dissipating- downdrafts stop the fresh supply of water vapor from rising, clouds dissipate

30
Q

the discharge of electricity

A

lightning

31
Q

In lightning, the upper part of the cloud carries a ___ charge & the bottom carries a ___ charge.

A

positive

negative

32
Q

Where are the three places lightning may form?

A
  1. inside a cloud
  2. between clouds
  3. between a cloud and the ground
33
Q

How is thunder formed?

A

air around lightning super heats and expands rapidly, causing the loud noise

34
Q

Lightning forms as electrons flow from ___ to ___ to ___ the charge.

A

positive
negative
equalize

35
Q

A ___ is a tropical storm with wind speeds over ___ km/h that spiral around a ___-pressure storm center.

A

hurricane
120
low

36
Q

What two things must a hurricane have to form?

A
  1. form over a warm tropical ocean

2. have the Coriolis effect

37
Q

What is the process of a hurricane?

A

Warm, moist air rises and condenses, releasing energy as latent heat. Latent heat adds strength to rising air.

38
Q

What is the eye of a hurricane?

A

came, clear sinking air

39
Q

What happens during a fully-developed hurricane?

A

thick cumulonimbus cloud bands spiral around the center of the storm

40
Q

What is the most destructive type of storm?

A

a hurricane

41
Q

the rising sea level in front of a hurricane that causes flooding

A

storm surge

42
Q

What are most hurricane deaths from?

A

drowning

43
Q

rates hurricane intensity from 1-5

A

Saffir-Simpson scale

44
Q

What three things does the Saffir-Simpson scale measure?

A
  1. central pressure
  2. wind speed
  3. storm surge
45
Q

A ___ is a destructive, rotating column of air with very high wind speeds (up to ___ km/h).

A

tornado

400

46
Q

What may a tornado be visible as?

A

a funnel-shaped cloud

47
Q

smallest, most violent and short-lived storm

A

tornado

48
Q

How does a tornado form?

A

when a thunderstorm meets high altitude horizontal winds that make it rotate

49
Q

Texas through midwestern United States, tornadoes most common here from late spring to early summer

A

Tornado Alley

50
Q

What are most tornado injuries/deaths caused by?

A

people in collapsed buildings, or

being struck by objects that are blown by the wind

51
Q

a program designed to promote rapid exchange of weather information (it helps developing countries establish or improve their meteorological services)

A

World Weather Watch

52
Q

What organization promotes the World Weather Watch? What’s its abbreviation?

A

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

53
Q

What do weather maps allow meteorologists to do?

A
  1. understand current weather patterns

2. predict future weather events

54
Q

What do meteorologists use to communicate weather data on a weather map?

A

symbols & colors

55
Q

a pattern of meteorological symbols that represents the weather at a particular observing station and that is recorded on a weather map

A

station model

56
Q

What does a station model show?

A

cloud cover, wind speed, wind direction, weather conditions, dew point, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and barometric tendency

57
Q

Lines on weather maps connect points of ___ measurement.

A

equal

58
Q

lines that represent equal temperature

A

isotherms

59
Q

lines that represent equal pressure

A

isobars

60
Q

What do closely spaced lines indicate?

A

a rapid change in pressure,

high wind speeds

61
Q

What do widely spaced lines indicate?

A

gradual change in pressure,

low wind speeds

62
Q

What is precipitation commonly shown with on a weather map?

A

colors/symbols

63
Q

___ and ___ provide data that computers use to create weather models.

A

Doppler radar

satellite images

64
Q

daily forecasts

A

48 hour range

65
Q

extended forecasts

A

3-5 days

66
Q

medium-range forecasts

A

3-7 days

67
Q

long-range forecasts

A

7 days, monthly, seasonally

68
Q

What is the goal of weather warnings?

A

to reduce the amount of destruction caused by severe weather, by forecasting severe weather early

69
Q

issued when conditions are ideal for severe weather

A

Watch

70
Q

issued when severe weather has been spotted (thunderstorms/tornadoes), or is expected within 24 hours (snowstorms/hurricanes)

A

Warning

71
Q

What is the most researched method for producing rain?

A

cloud seeding

Earth Science (9th) (14 decks)

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