Chapter 18

Question 1

loose fragments of weathered rocks and minerals

Answer 1

sand

Question 2

particles smaller than the smallest sand grain

Answer 2

dust

Question 3

sand grains rolled by the wind along the ground

Answer 3

surface creep

Question 4

movement of sand or other sediments by short jumps and bounces caused by the wind

Answer 4

saltation

Question 5

Wind erosion mainly affects ___ and ___.

Answer 5

deserts

coastlines

Question 6

process where wind removes the top layer of fine, dry soil or rock particles

Answer 6

deflation

Question 7

wind removes small particles and leaves closely packed small rocks that protect the underlying soil

Answer 7

desert pavement

Question 8

Wind drops particles when it ___ and can’t carry them anymore.

Answer 8

slows down

Question 9

mounds of wind-deposited sand

Answer 9

dunes

Question 10

crescent-shaped dunes, open side faces away from the wind

Answer 10

Barchan

Question 11

rocks that have been pitted, grooved, or polished by wind abrasion

Answer 11

ventifacts

Question 12

the movement of dunes

Answer 12

dune migration

Question 13

dunes that form long, wavelike patterns; perpendicular to wind direction

Answer 13

Transverse

Question 14

fine-grained sediments of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, mica, and clay deposited by the wind

Answer 14

loess

Question 15

waves hit the shoreline and break rock fragments into small pebbles and sand grains

Answer 15

mechanical weathering

Question 16

when natural plant cover has been removed; fine, dry soil particles are blown away

Answer 16

deflation

Question 17

crescent-shaped dunes, open side faces into wind, long ends held by vegetation

Answer 17

Parabolic

Question 18

Waves erode the coast and cause rock to collapse which forms steep ___.

Answer 18

sea cliffs

Question 19

salt water and air weather rocks along the shoreline

Answer 19

chemical weathering

Question 20

very fertile soil that’s great for growing grain

Answer 20

loess

Question 21

dunes that form long ridges of sand that are parallel to the direction the wind blows

Answer 21

Longitudinal

Question 22

shallow depressions formed by deflation

Answer 22

deflation hollows

Question 23

type of rock that erodes rapidly

Answer 23

limestone

Question 24

high, steep formation of rock that extends out from the shore into the water

Answer 24

headlands

Question 25

indention in the shoreline due to an area of less resistant rock

Answer 25

bays

Question 26

large hole cut into the bottom of a cliff

Answer 26

sea cave

Question 27

type of rock that erodes slowly

Answer 27

granite

Question 28

a sea cliff that has worn into a nearly level platform

Answer 28

terrace (wave-cut terrace)

Question 29

waves cut completely through a headland to form ___

Answer 29

sea arches

Question 30

when eroded material is deposited offshore and creates an extension to the wave-cut terrace

Answer 30

wave-built terrace

Question 31

when sea arches collapse, they leave a column of rock in the water called a ___

Answer 31

sea stack

Question 32

a deposit of sediment along an ocean or lake shore

Answer 32

beach

Question 33

Beaches will form when ___ sediment is deposited than is removed.

Answer 33

more

Question 34

What does the composition of a beach depend on?

Answer 34

its parent rock

Question 35

raised section deposited at the back of the sloping surface of the beach

Answer 35

berm

Question 36

The berm is only touched by waves during ___ or ___.

Answer 36

high tides | strong storms

Question 37

a long underwater sand ridge

Answer 37

sand bar

Question 38

The sand is eroded and deposited offshore in a sand bar during the ___.

Answer 38

winter

Question 39

movement of water parallel and near the shoreline

Answer 39

longshore current

Question 40

In longshore current waves move individual sand grains in a ___ motion; striking the beach in the direction of the ___.

Answer 40

zig-zag | waves

Question 41

___ changes when the amount of water in the ocean changes.

Answer 41

Absolute sea level

Question 42

long narrow deposit of sand connected at one end to the shore

Answer 42

spit

Question 43

beach deposit that connects an offshore island to the mainland

Answer 43

tombolos

Question 44

The sand bar is deposited back on the beach, widening the beach, during the ___.

Answer 44

summer

Question 45

___ changes when the land or features near the coast change.

Answer 45

Relative sea level

Question 46

What do U-shaped glacier valleys produce?

Answer 46

fiords

Question 47

when river valley covered a bay that has salt water and fresh water mix

Answer 47

estuary

Question 48

when sea level rises or land sinks

Answer 48

submergent coastlines

Question 49

If a ___ coastline is steep and is exposed rapidly, it will erode to forms cliffs, narrow inlets, bays and wave-cut terraces.

Answer 49

emergent coastline

Question 50

long, narrow ridges of sand that lie nearly parallel to shore

Answer 50

barrier islands

Question 51

Barrier islands tend to migrate (toward/away from) the shoreline.

Answer 51

toward

Question 52

narrow region of shallow water between a barrier island and a shoreline

Answer 52

lagoon

Question 53

costal plain, bays, headlands, many long wide beaches

Answer 53

emergent coastlines

Question 54

What are coastlines used for?

Answer 54

fishing, shipping, industrial & residential development, recreation

Question 55

When sand spits are separated from the land by storms, ___ can form.

Answer 55

barrier islands

Question 56

What are dangers to coastlines?

Answer 56

oil spills, garbage, pollution from industry, sewage

Question 57

when land rises or sea level falls

Answer 57

emergent coastlines