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Earth Science (9th) > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

loose fragments of weathered rocks and minerals

A

sand

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2
Q

particles smaller than the smallest sand grain

A

dust

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3
Q

sand grains rolled by the wind along the ground

A

surface creep

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4
Q

movement of sand or other sediments by short jumps and bounces caused by the wind

A

saltation

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5
Q

Wind erosion mainly affects ___ and ___.

A

deserts

coastlines

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6
Q

process where wind removes the top layer of fine, dry soil or rock particles

A

deflation

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7
Q

wind removes small particles and leaves closely packed small rocks that protect the underlying soil

A

desert pavement

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8
Q

Wind drops particles when it ___ and can’t carry them anymore.

A

slows down

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9
Q

mounds of wind-deposited sand

A

dunes

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10
Q

crescent-shaped dunes, open side faces away from the wind

A

Barchan

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11
Q

rocks that have been pitted, grooved, or polished by wind abrasion

A

ventifacts

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12
Q

the movement of dunes

A

dune migration

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13
Q

dunes that form long, wavelike patterns; perpendicular to wind direction

A

Transverse

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14
Q

fine-grained sediments of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, mica, and clay deposited by the wind

A

loess

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15
Q

waves hit the shoreline and break rock fragments into small pebbles and sand grains

A

mechanical weathering

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16
Q

when natural plant cover has been removed; fine, dry soil particles are blown away

A

deflation

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17
Q

crescent-shaped dunes, open side faces into wind, long ends held by vegetation

A

Parabolic

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18
Q

Waves erode the coast and cause rock to collapse which forms steep ___.

A

sea cliffs

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19
Q

salt water and air weather rocks along the shoreline

A

chemical weathering

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20
Q

very fertile soil that’s great for growing grain

A

loess

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21
Q

dunes that form long ridges of sand that are parallel to the direction the wind blows

A

Longitudinal

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22
Q

shallow depressions formed by deflation

A

deflation hollows

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23
Q

type of rock that erodes rapidly

A

limestone

24
Q

high, steep formation of rock that extends out from the shore into the water

A

headlands

25
Q

indention in the shoreline due to an area of less resistant rock

A

bays

26
Q

large hole cut into the bottom of a cliff

A

sea cave

27
Q

type of rock that erodes slowly

A

granite

28
Q

a sea cliff that has worn into a nearly level platform

A

terrace (wave-cut terrace)

29
Q

waves cut completely through a headland to form ___

A

sea arches

30
Q

when eroded material is deposited offshore and creates an extension to the wave-cut terrace

A

wave-built terrace

31
Q

when sea arches collapse, they leave a column of rock in the water called a ___

A

sea stack

32
Q

a deposit of sediment along an ocean or lake shore

A

beach

33
Q

Beaches will form when ___ sediment is deposited than is removed.

A

more

34
Q

What does the composition of a beach depend on?

A

its parent rock

35
Q

raised section deposited at the back of the sloping surface of the beach

A

berm

36
Q

The berm is only touched by waves during ___ or ___.

A

high tides

strong storms

37
Q

a long underwater sand ridge

A

sand bar

38
Q

The sand is eroded and deposited offshore in a sand bar during the ___.

A

winter

39
Q

movement of water parallel and near the shoreline

A

longshore current

40
Q

In longshore current waves move individual sand grains in a ___ motion; striking the beach in the direction of the ___.

A

zig-zag

waves

41
Q

___ changes when the amount of water in the ocean changes.

A

Absolute sea level

42
Q

long narrow deposit of sand connected at one end to the shore

A

spit

43
Q

beach deposit that connects an offshore island to the mainland

A

tombolos

44
Q

The sand bar is deposited back on the beach, widening the beach, during the ___.

A

summer

45
Q

___ changes when the land or features near the coast change.

A

Relative sea level

46
Q

What do U-shaped glacier valleys produce?

A

fiords

47
Q

when river valley covered a bay that has salt water and fresh water mix

A

estuary

48
Q

when sea level rises or land sinks

A

submergent coastlines

49
Q

If a ___ coastline is steep and is exposed rapidly, it will erode to forms cliffs, narrow inlets, bays and wave-cut terraces.

A

emergent coastline

50
Q

long, narrow ridges of sand that lie nearly parallel to shore

A

barrier islands

51
Q

Barrier islands tend to migrate (toward/away from) the shoreline.

A

toward

52
Q

narrow region of shallow water between a barrier island and a shoreline

A

lagoon

53
Q

costal plain, bays, headlands, many long wide beaches

A

emergent coastlines

54
Q

What are coastlines used for?

A

fishing,
shipping,
industrial & residential development,
recreation

55
Q

When sand spits are separated from the land by storms, ___ can form.

A

barrier islands

56
Q

What are dangers to coastlines?

A

oil spills,
garbage,
pollution from industry,
sewage

57
Q

when land rises or sea level falls

A

emergent coastlines

Earth Science (9th) (14 decks)

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