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Earth Science (9th) > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

movement or trembling of the ground that is caused by a sudden release of energy when rocks along a fault move

A

earthquake

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2
Q

the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape

A

elastic rebound

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3
Q

location along the fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs

A

focus

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4
Q

90% of continental earthquakes; most damaging earthquake

A

shallow foci

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5
Q

shallow foci

A

0-70 km

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6
Q

intermediate foci

A

70-300 km

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7
Q

deep foci

A

300-650 km

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8
Q

usually by subduction zones

A

deep foci

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9
Q

the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus

A

epicenter

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10
Q

vibrations produced as energy is released by rocks as they slip into a new position

A

seismic waves

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11
Q

waves that travel through the body of a medium

A

body waves

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12
Q

waves that travel along the surface of a body rather than through the middle

A

surface waves

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13
Q

fastest waves

A

P waves

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14
Q

body waves that can travel through solids, liquids or gasses

A

P waves

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15
Q

second fastest waves

A

S waves

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16
Q

body waves that can only travel through solids

A

S waves

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17
Q

primary/ compression waves

A

P waves

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18
Q

secondary/ shear waves

A

S waves

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19
Q

waves that cause the most damage

A

surface waves

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20
Q

form from the conversion of energy when P and S waves reach Earth’s surface

A

surface waves

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21
Q

slowest-moving waves

A

surface waves

22
Q

cause rocks to move side to side and perpendicular to the direction in which the waves are traveling

A

love waves

23
Q

cause rooks to move in an elliptical, rolling motion

A

rayleigh waves

24
Q

___ was a ___ scientist who discovered the boundary between the crust and the mantle in ___.

A

Andrija Mohorovicic
Croatian
1909

25
Q

What are the three compositional layers of the Earth? (from outside to inside)

A

crust, mantle, core

26
Q

What are the five mechanical layers of the Earth? (from outside to inside)

A

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

27
Q

locations on Earth’s surface where no body waves from a particular earthquake can be detected

A

shadow zones

28
Q

___ waves can’t travel through Earth’s ___ which creates shadow zones.

A

S

liquid outer core

29
Q

earthquakes occur as the overriding plate scrapes against the top of the subvergent plate (tectonic plate environment)

A

convergent oceanic environments

30
Q

spreading motion at the mid-ocean ridge causes earthquakes (tectonic plate environment)

A

divergent oceanic environments

31
Q

as ___ plates converge, diverge, or slide past each other horizontally rocks undergo stress; stress causes mountains to form and earthquakes to occur (tectonic plate environment)

A

continental

continental environments

32
Q

regions of numerous, closely spaced faults

A

fault zones

33
Q

the study of earthquakes

A

seismology

34
Q

one who studies earthquakes

A

seismologist

35
Q

instrument that detects and records vibrations in the ground

A

seismograph

36
Q

tracing of earthquake motion that is recorded by an instrument

A

seismogram

37
Q

How do scientists determine the location of the epicenter?

A

they triangulate the epicenter with at least three seismograph stations

38
Q

measure of the strength of an earthquake

A

magnitude

39
Q

measures magnitude based on ground motion

A

Richter scale

40
Q

measures magnitude; preferred by scientists

A

moment magnitude scale

41
Q

What does the moment magnitude scale base its measurements on?

A

strength, size of the area of the fault that moves, average distance fault block moves, rigidity of the rocks in the fault zone

42
Q

the measure of the amount of damage caused by an earthquake

A

intensity

43
Q

What measures intensity? How?

A

Modified Mercalli scale

with Roman numerals I-XII

44
Q

What is the number one cause of injuries in earthquakes?

A

the collapse of buildings and other structures

45
Q

giant ocean wave formed after a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or submarine landslide

A

tsunamis

46
Q

What is the most important thing to do ruing an earthquake?

A

stay calm

47
Q

How do scientists predict earthquakes?

A

currently there is no reliable way of predicting exactly when and where earthquakes will occur

48
Q

an area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently but where strong earthquakes occurred in the past

A

seismic gap

49
Q

little earthquakes that precede earthquakes by a few seconds or weeks

A

foreshocks

50
Q

Scientists attempt to predict earthquakes by changes in rock such as ___. Sometimes ___ can indicate earthquakes.

A

tilting of rock, magnetic & electrical changes in rock detected by water put in cracks
natural gas seepage

Earth Science (9th) (14 decks)

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