Chapter 21 Flashcards
During the first Industrial Revolution ______ was the world”/ sole industrial giant
Britain
Led the way for the Second Industrial Revolution which transformed the economies of the Western World
The 20th Century
The two countries that led to industrial leadership were
Germany and the United States
Independently developed a new process for making steel from iron
William Kelly and Henry Bessemer
It removed carbon from steel making it lighter, harder, and more durable than iron, it could also be predicted cheaply
Bessemer Process
Became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads and steel production soared in industrialized countries
Steel
Invented dynamite-which was a much safer explosive material to use compared to others at the time
Alfred Nobel
Made Nobel extremely wealthy and thus funded the famous Nobel prizes to innovators, engineers, pioneers of their day
Dynamite
Developed the first battery around the year 1800
Alessandro Volta
Created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo
Michael Faraday
Is a machine that generates electricity
Dynamo
Made the first electric light bulb in the 1870s
Thomas Edison
By the 1890s ____ carried electrical power from dynamos to factories
Cables
Are intentional components that could be used in place of one another
Interchangeable parts
Parts were added to a product as it moved down a belt from one workstation to the next
Assembly line
During the Industrial revolution, ____________________ were transformed by technology
Transportation and Communication
Replaced sailing ships and the building of railroads boomed
Steamed Ships
Invented gasoline powered internal combustion engine
Nikolaus Otto
Received a patent for the first automobile (had only 3 wheels)
Karl Benz
Introduced the first four wheel automobile
Gottlieb Daimler
Started making models that reached the breathtaking speed of 25 miles per hour and also utilized the assembly line to mass-produce cars making the U.S. the leader in the automobile industry
Henry Ford
Designed and flew an airplane at Kitty Hawk (NC)
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Created the telegraph
Samuel F.B. Morse
This machine could send coded messages over wires by means of electricity
Telegraph
The first telegraph line went from
Washington D.C. and Baltimore
An undersea cable was relaying messages between Europe and North America called
Trans-Atlantic Cable
Patented the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
Had experimented with the “wireless” transmissions
Nikola Tesla
Invented the radio
Guglielmo Marconi
New Technologies required the investment of
Large amounts of money (or capital)
Are shared in their companies to people called investors
Stock
Are business that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
Corporations
Had begun during the 1700s continued through the 1800s
Population explosion
Population increased due to
Death rate being declined drastically and medical advances and improvements in public sanitation also slowed death rates
Scientists theorized that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases, this was called
Germ theory
Showed the relationship between microbes and disease. Made contributions to medicine, including the development of vaccinations against rabies and anthrax. Also discover a process called pasteurization that killed disease-carrying microbes in milk
Louis Pasteur
Was the first used to relieve pain during surgery. Allowed doctors to experiment with operations that had never before been possible
Anesthesia
Was an army nurse during the Crimean War, and she insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals
Florence Nightingale
Altered the basic layout of European cities
Growing wealth and industrialization
Rebuilding of the poor areas of the city took place in Paris in the 1850s
Urban renewal
Chief planner for Napoleon III destroyed many tangled medieval streets full of tenements housing and in their place he built wide boulevards and splendid public buildings
George Haussmann
Made urban areas much more livable
Paved Streets
Were created and eventually electric street lights illuminated the night, increasing safety
Glass Lamps
Cities also created _____________ for safety
Police and fire departments
Pioneered a new struct, the skyscraper
Louis Sullivan
Despite efforts to improve cities, urban life remained _____ harsh for the poor
Harsh
Were self-help groups to aid the sick or injured workers
Mutual-aid societies
By the late 1800s most Western countries had granted
All men the right to vote
The main tactic of these unions was to
Strike or work stoppage
Was often a result of strikers, particularly if employees tired to continue operating their business without the striking workers
Violence
Measures the quality and availability of necessities of and comfort in society improved (even though their were many hardships)
Standard of Living
Emerged by the late 1800’s
New Social Class
Included very rich business people
Upper class
The highest people on this social ladder was
Mid level business people and professionals such as doctors and scientist
The lower middle, included
Teachers and office worker
Were at the base of the social ladder
Workers and peasants
Spent their time rising children, direction servants, and doing religious or charitable services
Women
Supported a cult of domesticity-that idealized women and the home
Books, magazines, and popular songs
Was a campaign to limit or bam the use of alcoholic beverages
Temperance movement
Among Men some __________ supported women’s suffrage
Liberals and Socialist
Developed the atomic theory. Showed that each element had its own kind of atoms. Also showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances
John Dalton
A russian chemists drew a table that grouped elements according to their atomic weights
Dmitri Mendeleyev
Stated that “nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud pebbles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a women?”
Sojourner Truth
Reformed persuaded many government to set up _______ and require basic education for all children
Public schools
In England schooling girls and boys between ages of ________ became a law
5-10
Students would learn about “classical languages” Latin and Greek, history and math but in general only middle class families could afford to have their sons attend these schools because they trained for more serious study or for government jobs
Secondary Schools
Educations for them did not include subjects such as science, mathematics, or physical educations because they were not seen as necessary subjects for them to learn
Girls
Students who came from middle or upper class families
Colleges and Universities expanded in this period because of
Trained student who would have the knowledge and skills to build the new industrial society
Engineering Schools
Published his work called “On the Origin of Species”. Argued that all form of life, including human beings have evolved into their present state over millions of years
Charles Darwin
Encourage racism, the unscientific belief that one racial group is superior to another
Social Darwinism
In this religious movement Many Protestant church has to back to the social gospel -which is urged Christians to social services. Campaigned for reforms in housing,healthcare, and education
Social Gospel
William Wordsworth, William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and others became part of a cultural movement. From 1750-1850. Is the artistic style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion
Romanticism
Used simple, direct language, intense feelings, and a glorification of nature
Romantic writers
He was a mysterious melancholy figure who felt out of step with society
Hero
Quoted “my joys, my grief, my passions, and my powers. Made me a stranger”. Was a larger than life figure that was equal to the characters he wrote about
Lord Byron
Novels and ballads evoked the turbulent history of Scottish clans or medieval knights
Sir Walter Scott
Re-created France’s past in novels like the Three Musketeers and the Hunchback of Notre Dame
Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo
It was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment, associated with romanticism. Artists often focused their work on the harsh side of life in cities or villages
Realism
Vividly portrayed the lives of sly,s dweller and factory workers, including children
Charles Dickens
Tells the story of a nine year old orphan raised in a grim poor house
Oliver Twist
Moves form romantic to realistic novel. Revealed how hunger drove a god man to crime and how the law hound him after his work “Les Miserables”
Victor Hugo
They rejected the romantic emphasis on imagination and focus on ordinary subjects, especially working class men and women
Painters
Improved on earlier technologies to produce successful photographs
Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot
Preserved vivid realistic record of the corpse-strewn battlefields
Matthew B Brady
A new movement occurred in Paris during the 1870s
Impressionism
Brushed strokes of color side without any blending
Claude Monet and Edgar Degas
Arranged small dots of color to defame the shapes of objects
George Seurat
Experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. His unique brushwork created dreamlike quality to everyday subjects j
Vincent Van Gogh
Developed a bold personality style to his paintings, looked flat and resembled “primitive folk art”. His type of art evoked intense feelings
Paul Gauguin
