Chapter 19 Flashcards
Urgent messages flew across
telegraph wires
New Inventions
drug that prevents pain during surgery, sweing machine, measure of the speed of light, and antiseptic methods to reduce risk of woen dying in childbirth
they built earthen walls known as dikes to reclaim lad from the sea
Dutch
Some farmers did what to get more crops
mixed different kinds of soils to get higher crop yields (more crops)
invented a seed drill that helped farmers deposit seeds in rows rather then scattering them wastefully over the land
Jethro Tull
The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
enclosures
had developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of the mines
Thomas Newcomen
Looked at Newcomen invention in 1764 and set out to make improvements on the engine in order to make it more efficient
James Watt
Separate iron from its ore
smelt iron
was britians communication and transportation cheap?
yes due to the accessible to water
had a stable government
britian
boosted demands for goods
Ready Workface
Which is money used to invest in enterpress
capital
is a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads or factories
enterprise
People who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new business
entrepreneurs
Also known as cottage industry, in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes
putting-out-system
created cotton gin
Eli Whitney
Which could deseed cotton (something that previously time consuming because it was done by hand)
cotton gin
Were private roads built by entrepreneurs who would change travelers a toll or fee (to use them)
turnpikes
the worlds first major line went from
liverpool to manchester
whose members came from a variety of backgrounds
bourgeoisie
the wealth and the middle class lived where
in pleasant neighborhoods
where did the poor live
foul-smelling slums
Or multi-story buildings which were divided into apartments. These tenements had no running water with only community pumps
tenements
Or workers, organizations were illegal at this time, secret Unions did exist among frustrated British workers
labor union
was a movement that was influenced by the Industrial Revolution as people moved to cities and lost connections with their old churches
methodism
had founded Methodist movement in the mid-1700s. he stressed the need for a personal sense of faith and encouraged his followers to improve themselves by adopting sober moral ways
John Wesley
set up sunday schools, which not only taught people about the bible but also taught them how to read the bible
preachers
worked hard but their wrk varied according to the seasons. life was also had from the,, but at least they worked at their own pace
rural village people
Saw the effects of the population explosion: crowded slums, hungry families, unemployments and widespread misery
thomas malthus
wrote the wealth of nations-in his work he asserted that a free market should consist of unregulated exchange of good and services. that would come to help everybody
Adam Smith
advocated utilitarianism
jeremy betham
Which was the idea that the great society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number of its citizens
utilitarianism
is the people as a whole rather then private individuals would own and operate the means of production-such as farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods
socialism
early socialist tried to create societies based on this idea they were called
Utopians
And even set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland, (trying to put his ideas into practice)
Robert Owen
formulated a new theory called “scientific socialism”-which he claimed was a scientific study of history. he teamed up with another german socialist, Friedrich Engel and together they wrote the pamphlet the communist manifesto (published in 1848)
Karl Max
became known to refer to a system in which governments led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life
communism
A political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violence overthrow of the system
social democracy
had always owned the means of production and thus controlled society and all it wealth
haves
were the proletariat-working class
have-nots
