Chapter 18 Flashcards
Everyone in France was divided into social classes or
Estate
Or old order
Ancien Regime
Made of clergy
First estate
Made of notability
Second Estate
Made of the rest of population
Third Estate
Did provide some social services-Nun, Monks, and Priests ran schools, hospital, and orphanages. But during the Enlightenment philosophes targeted the church for reform-thug criticized the idleness of some clergy, the church’s interference in politics and ifs intolerance of dissent
First Estate
Was titled nobility of French society-in the Middle Ages noble knights had defended the land, in the 1600s Richelieu and Louis XIV had crushed the nobles military power though they owned land, they received little financial income
Second Estate
Was the most diverse social class-at the top they say the Bourgeoisie-or middle class-they consisted of prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufactures, as well as lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors. Among the poorest members of the Third Estate was urban worker
Third Estate
This occurs when the government spends more money than it takes in
Deficit spending
Was well-meaning but weak and indecisive-he did however chose wisely and picked Jacques Necker-a financial expert as an advisor-Necker urged the king to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government, and abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade
Louis XVI
The legislative body consisting of representative of the three estates, before making any changes
Estates General
Notebooks, listing their grievances. Called for reforms such as fairer taxes, freedom of press, or regular meetings of the Estates-General
Cahiers
They swore “never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution”
Tennis Court Oath
A grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners
Bastille
Turned France into a constitutional monarchy
Moderate Phase of the National Assembly (1789-1791)
Led an end of the monarchy and a Reign of Terror
Radical Phase of Escalating Violence (1792-1794)
Against extremes
Directory Phase of Reaction (1795-1799)
Consolidated many revolution changes
Phase of Napoleon Phase (1799-1815)
A journalist demanded equal rights for women in the declaration of the right so women and the female citizen
Olympe de Gouges
Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and it’s revolutionary forces
Émigrés
a government ruled by elected representative instead of a monarch
Republic
Were mostly middle-class lawyers or intellectual-they used pamphleteers and sympathetic newspaper editors to advance the republican cause
Jacobins
The right to vote was to be extended to all male citizens, not just property owners
Suffrage
Which lasted from September 1793 to July 1794
Reign of Terror
It is a fast falling blade extinguished life instantly- a member of the legislature Dr. Joseph Gullotin, had introduced it as a more humane method of beheading than the uncertain ax
Guillotine
Stated to emerge as chaos threatened France, politicians turned to him because he was a popular military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy
Napoleon Bonaparte
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country spread throughout France
Nationalism
A popular vote-(each time the French supported him)
Plebiscite
Incorporated into his empire (Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany
Annexed
Closed European ports to British goods-Britian responded with its own blockade of European ports
Continental System
A hit-and-run raids against the French (Spanish Guerrilla means “little war” Spanish Resistance encouraged Austria to resume hostilities against France)
Guerrilla War
Left the French hungry and cold was winter came
Scorched Earth Policy
They faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after years of war
Congress of Vienna
European powers met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace of Europe
Concert of Europe
The aristocratic “hero of two worlds”-he was the head of the National Guard, a largely middle-class militia organized in responses to the arrival of royal troops in Paris
Marquis de Lafayette
The document modeled in part on the American Declaration of Independence, written 13 years earlier and stated “all men are “born and remain free and equal in rights” and had natural rights to “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
On October 5, 1791 six thousand women marched 13 miles in the poring rain from Paris to Versailles shouting “Bread” demanding to see the king
Women March on Versailles
Daughter of Maria Theresa and sister of Joseph II-she lived a life of great pleasure and extravagance, which led to further public unrest
Marie Antoinette
Was a shrewd layers and political quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety-among Jacobins, his selfless dedication to the revolution earned him the nickname “the incorruptible”
Maximilien Robespierre
It embodied enlightenment principles such as equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism
Napoleonic Code
Stepped down from power
Abdicated
