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Micro > Chapter 20- Antimicrobial Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 20- Antimicrobial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

the use of chemical drugs to treat a disease

A

chemotherapy

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2
Q

interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

A

antimicrobial drugs

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3
Q

a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

A

antibiotic

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4
Q

killing harmful microbes without damaging the host

A

selective toxicity

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5
Q

affect a broad range of Gram positive and Gram negative

A

broad spectrum

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6
Q

more selective or limited range

A

narrow spectrum

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7
Q

drugs are selected with limited damage to _____ microbota

A

normal

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8
Q

most common bacteria

A

terracycline

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9
Q

kills microbes directly

A

bactericidal

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10
Q

prevent microbes from growing

A

bacteriostatic

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11
Q

action of anitmicrobial drugs

A
  • inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • inhibition of protein synthesis
  • inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
  • injury of plasma membrane
  • inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis
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12
Q

penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

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13
Q

chloramphenicol, erythryomycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin

A

inhibition of protein synthesis

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14
Q

quinolones, rifampin

A

inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription

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15
Q

sulfanimide, trimethoprim

A

inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis

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16
Q

ploymyxin B

A

injury to plasma membrane

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17
Q
  • identified by beta-iactam ring

- susceptible to penicillinase

A

natural penicillin

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18
Q

penicillin g

A

requires injection

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19
Q

penicillin v

A

can be taken orally

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20
Q

identified by beta iactam ring

more resistant to penicillinase

A

semisynthetic penicillin

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21
Q

narrow spectrum
only gram positive
resistant to penicillins

A

oxacillin

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22
Q

many gram negatives

extended spectrum

A

ampicillin

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23
Q

microbes resistant to penicillin have ______ activity that breaks down beta iactam ring structure, making the drug useless.

A

penicillianse

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24
Q

narrow spectrum

act against gram positive bacteria

A

first generation cephalosporins

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25
Q

extended spectrum

includes gramnegative bacteria

A

second generation cephalosporins

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26
Q

includes pseudomonads

injected

A

third generation cephalosporins

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27
Q

oral

A

fourth generation cephalosporins

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28
Q

topical application

against gram positives

A

polypeptide antibiotics-bacitracin

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29
Q

glycopeptide

important last line against antibiotic resistant S. aureus

A

polypeptide antibiotics-vancomycin

30
Q

inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

also effective against mycobacterium

A

antimycobacterial antibiotics-isoniazid

31
Q

inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid

A

antimycobacterial antibiotics- ethambutol

32
Q

broad spectrum
binds 50s subunit
inhibits peptide bond formation

A

chloraphenicol

33
Q

– Streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin
-Broad spectrum
– Change shape of 30S subunit, preventing protein synthesis from
bacterial ribosome

A

Aminoglycosides

34
Q

-broad spectrum
-Interfere with tRNA attachment, preventing protein
synthesis from bacterial ribosome

A

tetracyclines

35
Q
  • Gram-positives

- Bind 50S subunit; inhibit translation

A

Streptogramins

36
Q

– Structural changes in the membrane, followed by
arrest of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein
– MRSA

A

Lipopeptides

37
Q

-topical
-combined with bacitracin and neomycin in
over-the-counter preparation

A

Polymyxin B

38
Q

– Inhibits RNA synthesis

– Antituberculosis

A

Rifamycin

39
Q

– Nalidixic acid: urinary infections
– Ciprofloxacin
– Inhibit DNA gyrase
– Urinary tract infections

A

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

40
Q
  • Inhibit folic acid synthesis

- Broad spectrum

A

Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

41
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
– Miconazole
– Triazole

A

antifungal drugs

42
Q
  • Targets Ergosterol (a component of the cell
    wall)
  • Inhibits other glycoproteins in the cell wall
A

antifungal drugs

43
Q

– Indinavir: HIV

– Interferes with protein synthesis

A

antiviral drugs-enzyme inhibitors-protease inhibitors

44
Q

– HIV

A

antiviral drugs-enzyme inhibitors-integrase inhibitors

45
Q

Amantadine: influenza

A

antiviral drugs-entry inhibitors-

46
Q

-Zanamivir: influenza

– Block CCR5: HIV

A

antiviral drugs-entry inhibitors-fusion inhibitors

47
Q

Prevent spread of viruses to new cells

– Alpha interferon: Viral hepatitis

A

antiviral drugs-interferons

48
Q

promotes interferon production

A

Imiquimod

49
Q

– Inhibits DNA synthesis

• Malaria

A

Chloroquine-antiprotozoan drugs

50
Q

Kills Plasmodium sporozoites

A

antiprotozoan drugs-artemisin

51
Q

Interferes with anaerobic metabolism

• Trichomonas and Giardia

A

antiprotozoan drugs-metronidazole

52
Q

Interferes with anaerobic metabolism

• Trichomonas and Giardia

A

Antihelminthic Drugs-niclosamide

53
Q

Alters membrane permeability

-Flatworms

A

Antihelminthic Drugs- Praziquantel

54
Q

Interfere with nutrient absorption

 Intestinal roundworms

A

Antihelminthic Drugs- Mebendazole and albendazole

55
Q

 Paralysis of helminths

 Intestinal roundworms

A

Antihelminthic Drugs- ivermectin

56
Q

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics

A
  • block entry
  • inactivation by enzymes
  • alteration of target molecule
  • efflux of antibiotic
57
Q

• A variety of mutations can lead to

A

antibiotic resistance

58
Q

Resistance genes are often on _____ or ________ that can be transferred between
bacteria

A

plasmids, transposons

59
Q

Misuse of antibiotics selects for

A

resistance

mutants

60
Q

Using outdated or weakened antibiotics

A

misuse of antibiotics

61
Q

– Using antibiotics for the common cold and other

inappropriate conditions

A

misuse of antibiotics

62
Q

Using antibiotics in animal feed

A

misuse of antibiotics

63
Q

– Failing to complete the prescribed regimen
OR
using someone’s leftover prescription

A

misuse of antibiotics

64
Q

occurs when the effect of two
drugs together is greater than the effect of
either alone

A

synergism

65
Q

occurs when the effect of two
drugs together is less than the effect of either
alone

A

antagonism

66
Q

A growth of cells of one specific microorganisms

A

Pure culture

67
Q

A medium may be a ____ or _____

A

Solid or liquid

68
Q

Solid media has

A

Agar

69
Q

Must be heated to boiling to dissolve but will solidify at 40C

A

Agar

70
Q

Originating or taking place in a hospital

Acquired in a hospital, especially in reference to an infection

A

Nosocomial Infection

Micro (10 decks)

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