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Psychology (PSYC) 355 Cognition > Chapter 2 - Visual and Auditory Recognition > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Visual and Auditory Recognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception

A

Using previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses.

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2
Q

perception combines aspects of which two worlds

A

outside world (the visual stimuli)
Inner world (your previous knowledge)

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3
Q

Which two processing are combined in perception

A

bottom-up and top-down processing.

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4
Q

What is “bottom-up” part in perception

A

The analysis of the physical properties of input occurring early after it makes contact with your sensory receptors however before internal representation of the stimulus is constructed ,constitutes the “bottom-up” part of perception

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5
Q

What is top-down” portion of the recognition process.

A

guiding role that your stored knowledge plays in facilitating your ability to recognize an object (either one intercepted in the visual or auditory modality) constitutes the “top-down” portion of the recognition process.

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6
Q

object recognition

A

The process of identifying a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli and perceiving that this pattern is separate from its background.

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7
Q

What are Two terms to refer to perceptual stimuli.

A

Distal stimulus
Proximal Stimulus

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8
Q

Distal stimulus

A

actual object that is “out there” in the environment—for example, the pen on your desk

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9
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

the information registered on your retina

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10
Q

Retina

A

covers the inside back portion of your eye; it contains millions of neurons that register and transmit visual information from the outside world.

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11
Q

2 types of stimulus in visual object recognition

A
  1. Proximal stimulus
  2. Distal stimulus
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12
Q

Visual object recognition depends on which of the following:
1. Shape
2. Color
3. Texture

A
  1. Shape. For ex. one can recognize a human face, even though it was blue or does not have eyes, ears etc.
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13
Q

What experiment indicates that humans can interpret patterns, colors and other features in less than 1/10 of second

A

TV. experiment. Close eyes and open and close immediately. One can fairly re-construct the scene in the TV

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14
Q

primary visual cortex.

A
  • located in the occipital lobe of the brain
  • it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli
  • Information from 2 eyes is combined
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15
Q

visual pathway

A

a set of neurons between the retina and the primary visual cortex

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16
Q

How does information from retina travels to primary visual cortex

A

through set of neurons called visual pathway

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17
Q

inferotemporal cortex

A

Part of the temporal lobe that plays imp. role in recognizing faces

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18
Q

ability to recognize a tool—such as a fork or scissor depends partly on which part of the lobe

A

Parietal Lobe

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19
Q

Flow of visual Information

A

Distal stimuli
Parietal Stimuli
Image on retina
Visual pathway is activated by neurons that carry info to the occipital lobe and then finally to primary visual cortex

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20
Q

What is Figure and Ground in Gestalt Approach of visual recognition

A

Humans humans have basic tendencies to organize what they see; without any effort, FIGURE is a distinct shape when two areas share a common boundry, GROUND is a region that is left over after figure

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21
Q

ambiguous figure–ground relationship

A

figure and the ground reverse from time to time, so that the figure becomes the ground and then becomes the figure again.

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22
Q

3 theories of Visual Object Recognition

A
  1. Template theory
  2. Feature analysis theory
  3. Recognition-by-components
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23
Q

Template Theory of visual object recognition

A

templates or, specific patterns that you have stored in memory. It then notes which template matches the stimulus.

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24
Q

In visual system each neuron is designed to identify a specific pattern of stimulus is related to which theory

A

Feature recognition. and it aligns closely with Neurological studies

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25
Q

Feature Analysis by Eleanor Gibson

A

Each visual characteristic is has a distinctive feature. The feature-analysis theories propose that the distinctive features for each of the alphabet letters remain constant, whether the letter is handwritten, printed, or typed. For example, alphabet A has 2 angular lines and 1 horizontal lines

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26
Q

Explain Hubel and Wiesel’s findings related to Feature Analysis

A

Their experiment of anesthetized animals showed that certain neurons in cortex respond to a different pattern of stimulus. Some respond to straight line of light and some to angular light line. They show that each visual pathway is designed to catch a different stimulus

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27
Q

What is a major shortcoming of Feature Analysis

A

It does not explain how we visually create the meaning of complex patterns such as moving horses, their mane as it has too many curved features and many lines to identify

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28
Q

Geons

A

In recognition-by-components theory, the simple 3D shapes that people use in order to recognize visual objects.

29
Q

three-dimensional shapes are recognized by which theory of Visual Object Recognition

A

Irving Biederman’s Recognition-by-Components Theory

30
Q

recognition-by-components theory

A

In visual perception, a theory proposing that people can recognize three-dimensional shapes, in terms of an arrangement of simple 3D shapes called geons. Geons can be combined to form meaningful objects.

31
Q

Why is Biederman’s recognition-by-components theory is essentially a feature-analysis theory?

A

when geons are combined together they form a specific distinctive feature. They also evoke certain neurons in visual path ways to assign a specific meaning when multiple 3D Geons are combined together hence it is a Feature theory

32
Q

viewer-centered approach of recognition-by-components theory

A

We store various views of 3D object rather than just one view. E.g top view, side view, bottom view etc

33
Q

How are we able to recognise a 3D object presented from different angles

A

Viewer centered approach which believes that we store various angle imagery of a 3D object and mentally we are able to rotate it to recognise the object

34
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

emphasizes that the stimulus characteristics are important when you recognize an object rather than past knowledge and experience. This information is then passed on to higher, more sophisticated levels in the perceptual system

35
Q

Example of bottom-up processing

A

When we look at any object , we recognize it’s pattern, shape and their characteristics are imprinted on our retina and the process of object recognition begins.

36
Q

First part of visual recognition is:
1. Bottoms up processing
2. Top down processing

A
  1. Bottoms up processing
37
Q

Top down processing

A

Start instant later after bottoms up processing initiates. Our life experience, memory, concepts can influence object recognition

38
Q

Example of Top-down processing

A

When we see a red cricket ball, we expect it to have a certain texture, size, approximate weight when felt on a palm. We see a red ball on a cricket field we use top down processing to visually recognize the object as cricket ball

39
Q

word superiority effect

A

Our ability to recognize alphabet easily of it appears in a meaningful word. For ex. we can recognize p in word palm more easily than p in nonsense word such as pnla

40
Q

What is Smart Mistakes” in Object Recognition

A

Overusing top-down processing

41
Q

change blindness

A

Failing to notice a change in object or a scene which creates smart mistake in object recognition.

42
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when we are paying attention to some events in a scene, we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears

43
Q

What are 2 smart mistakes of object recognition

A

1 Change blindness - Failing to notice a change in scene
2. Inattentional blindness - failing to notice unexpected object that suddenly appears in the scene

44
Q

When is inattentional blindness is higher

A

When the primary task is cognitively consuming. For example when people are paying close attention to moves of a team they might not notice a person dressed like gorilla in the stadium

45
Q

ecological validity

A

Research is high on ecological validity when studies conducted are close to natural settings in which results will be applied

46
Q

How inattentional blindness as well as change blindness can take place together in a same situation?

A

Due to ecological validity, eg. when we do not expect thing to find at an unexpected location

47
Q

What is Specialized Visual Recognition Processes?

A

Certain portions of neural tissue become highly specialized over the course of development to support the processing of them

48
Q

For recognizing faces which one is relatively easy
1. Recognition of face in context
2. recognition of any facial part in isolation1. Recognition of face in context

A
  1. Recognition of face in context
49
Q

What is face recognition on Holistic basis

A

we recognize face in their holistic shape and structure , or in other words we perceive a face in terms of its gestalt, or overall quality that transcends its individual elements

50
Q

prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize human faces, though they perceive other objects relatively normally

51
Q

Features of prosopagnosia

A
  • inability to recognise faces
  • patient identifies various facial parts such as eyes, and ears as two distinctive parts and not in combination and context
  • They recognize other objects , other persons as man or women however they may not recognize their own person
52
Q

Specialized face recognition area in brain apart from temporal lobe

A

fusiform face area in lower temporal cortex. Cells in this area respond dynamically to a photo of a face

53
Q

face-inversion effect

A

People are able to recognize face accurately when it is presented in upright position however recognition goes down when face is presented in inverted form

54
Q

according to the face recognition studies done by Burton and colleagues (1999) why students were able to recognize faces of their professors

A

Probably the research indicates that we are more adapt in recognizing faces when we are already familiar with them with some earlier experience

55
Q

Can individuals with schizophrenia recognize facial expressions?

A

Yes, however as compared to normal people their speed of recognition might be little lessor as per the research done by Pomarol-Clotet, E., etal. (2010).

56
Q

speech perception

A

A process of sound recognition in which auditory system recognizes vibrations breaks them in to sequence of sounds which we understand as words and sentences

57
Q

phoneme

A

the basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds a, k, and th. The English language uses between 40 and 45 phonemes, a number that includes both vowels and consonants

58
Q

Inter-speaker variability

A

The way different speakers of each language produce Phenome / sounds of words differently

59
Q

co-articulation

A

When we are pronouncing a particular phoneme our mouth remains in a similar shape as it was while pronouncing last phoneme hence we produce every phoneme slightly differently

60
Q

phonemic restoration

A

We tend to reconstruct missing parts of Phoneme with reference to context . For example when professor is talking some part of the talk might be missing due to external noises however we unconsciously fill in the blanks

61
Q

Characteristics of Speech Perception

A
  1. Word Boundaries - pauses between Phoneme
  2. Variability in pronunciation - Interspeaker variability - Coarticulation (mouth remains open)
    - Context in speech recognition - talk about speech restoration
    -Visual Cues as an Aid to Speech Perception for example lip movement to recognize words
62
Q

McGurk effect on speech recognition

A

when visual inputs compromises auditory inputs. For example we might see a lip movement of word GAG however auditory input is BAB. In this case we might perceive a word as PAP

63
Q

Who are 2 theoretical believes of speech recognition

A

1, Humans are born with a special mechanism that allows speech recognition
2. We use the same cognitive mechanisms as we use for other processes

64
Q

Special Mechanism approach of audition

A
  • Humans are born with a special device to recognize sounds
  • This capacity does not engage in other cognitive systems such as object recognition etc.,
  • It categorizes sounds . for e.g. B & G however it can not detect sound frequency in between those letters.
65
Q

The General Mechanism Approaches

A

Believe that there is no special mechanism for speech recognition and we perceive speech sounds with the same mechanism as we perceive non-speech sounds

66
Q

What evidence goes against special Mechanism approach

A

Special mechanism approach believe that we recognize speech sounds through a special neural mechanism. However McGurk effect shows that visual stimuli can impact audio perception hence it can not be possible to have a dedicated mechanism to detect speech

67
Q

Part of the brain that integrates sight and sound

A

superior temporal sulcus is a part of the cortex

68
Q
A

Psychology (PSYC) 355 Cognition (7 decks)

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