Chapter 1: An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

magnetoencephalography (MEG) technique

Answer 1

Technique that provides spatial location of the brain tissue that got activated along with related electrical signals

Question 2

How ERP ( Event-related potential) technique is works

Answer 2

Electrodes are placed on scalp to measure the activity of various neurons

Question 3

Why ERP is more preferred than FMRI and PET scans

Answer 3

It can measure brain activity quickly

Question 4

event-related potential (ERP) technique

Answer 4

records the very brief fluctuations in the brain’s electrical activity, in response to a stimulus such as an auditory tone or a visual word

Question 5

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 5

based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),A scanning device takes a “photo” of these oxygen atoms while the participant performs a cognitive task.

Question 6

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Answer 6

low dose of a radioactive chemical is injected just before this person works on a cognitive task. PET scans may be used to evaluate organs and/or tissues for the presence of disease or other conditions. PET may also be used to evaluate the function of organs, such as the heart or brain. The most common use of PET is in the detection of cancer and the evaluation of cancer treatment.

Question 7

Brain Lesions

Answer 7

refers to the destruction of an area in the brain, most often by strokes, tumors, blows to the head, and accidents

Question 8

social cognitive neuroscience

Answer 8

psychologists now use neuroscience techniques to explore the kind of cognitive processes that we use in our interactions with other people; this new discipline is called

Question 9

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 9

combines the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain (Marshall, 2009).

Question 10

Two other names that are often used interchangeably with connectionism are:

Answer 10

parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach and the neural-network approach.

Question 11

How connectionist approach different than information processing

Answer 11

Information processing approach believes on flow chart of neural activity while connectionist approach believes on simultaneous working of brain activity

Question 12

connectionist approach

Answer 12

A belief that the brain works simultaneously on any stimulus. It belives that neurons are connected which act like many processing units.

Question 13

What are 2 beliefs of information-processing approach

Answer 13

(a) our mental processes are similar to the operations of a computer, and (b) information progresses through our cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at a time

Question 14

How Thagard (2005) suggests that a computer model resembles a recipe in cooking?

Answer 14

recipe has two parts: (1) the ingredients, which are somewhat like the structures; and (2) the cooking instructions that act like processes

Question 15

as per computer metaphore computers have a processing mechanism with a limited capacity. What limitations do human mind has

Answer 15

limited attention and short-term memory capacities

Question 16

computer metaphor,

Answer 16

cognitive processes work like a computer.

Question 17

computer simulation or computer modeling

Answer 17

perform a specific cognitive task in the same way that humans actually perform this task. A computer simulation must produce the same number of errors—as well as correct responses—that a human produces

Question 18

Pure artificial intelligence

Answer 18

an approach that designs a program to accomplish a cognitive task as efficiently as possible, even if the computer’s processes are completely different from the processes used by humans. Basically it tries to achieve best performance in AI

Question 19

Things that Researchers in artificial intelligence tried to do

Answer 19

humans recognize a face, create a mental image, and write a poem, as well as hundreds of additional cognitive accomplishments

Question 20

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Answer 20

branch of computer science. It seeks to explore human cognitive processes by creating computer models that show “intelligent behavior” and also accomplish the same tasks that humans do

Question 21

Cognitive science

Answer 21

field that tries to answer questions about the mind. Cognitive science includes cognitive psychology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, and economics.

Question 22

One common complaint about cognitive Psychology

Answer 22

Ecological Validity. I.e conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied.

Question 23

What are some internal processes that cognitive psychologists focus on

Answer 23

memory, attention, and language

Question 24

Why Ulric Neisser is called the father of Cognitive Psychology

Answer 24

Neisser was the first person to use the term “Cognitive Psychology,”

Question 25

Who is called “the father of cognitive psychology”

Answer 25

Ulric Neisser

Question 26

cognitive revolution

Answer 26

refers to a strong shift away from behaviorist approaches to the study of human behavior. Instead, experimental psychologists began to focus on how organism-internal processes, such as memory, attention, and language, work together to give rise to the human ability to consciously perceive, interpret, and act in the world around them.

Question 27

Name the Psychologist:
humans have an inborn ability to master all the complicated and varied aspects of language

Answer 27

Chomsky

Question 28

Name the Psychologist: Children’s cognitive strategies change as they mature, and adolescents often use sophisticated strategies in order to conduct their own personal experiments about how the world works.

Answer 28

Jean Piaget

Question 29

Cognitive Psychologists

Answer 29

Jean Piaget

Question 30

Behaviorism Psychologists

Answer 30

John B. Watson

Question 31

What did Frederic Bartlett propose to counter Behaviouralism

Answer 31

Bartlett discovered that people made systematic errors when trying to recall these stories. He proposed that human memory is an active, constructive process, in which we interpret and transform the information we encounter.

Question 32

Who was Frederic Bartlett

Answer 32

British psychologist who conducted his research on human memory.

Question 33

Gestalt psychology

Answer 33

emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see, and furthermore, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 34

operational definition

Answer 34

In psychology research, a precise definition that specifies exactly how researchers will measure a concept.

Question 35

What led to a strong reaction against behaviorist doctrine

Answer 35

lack of a willingness to acknowledge that information about one’s environment is stored and can be accessed at some later point in time

Question 36

Which aspect behaviorists focused more

Answer 36

Learning or any such observable phenomena that can be quantified

Question 37

Why behaviorists did not study concepts such as a mental image, an idea, or a thought

Answer 37

They believed in studying observable components and mental image, idea or a thought are not directly observable

Question 38

internally stored knowledge about words or objects was one important component of cognitive processing. is a notion of which Psychologists

Answer 38

Ebbinghaus and Calkins

Question 39

Principle of behaviorism

Answer 39

psychology must focus on objective, observable reactions to stimuli in the environment, rather than on subjective processes such as introspection

Question 40

Tip of the tongue phenomena by William James

Answer 40

phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word or term from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent. The phenomenon’s name comes from the saying, “It’s on the tip of my tongue.

Question 41

What is The recency effect

Answer 41

refers to the observation that our recall is especially accurate for the final items in a series of stimuli (such as a list of words or numbers)

Question 42

Who reported a memory phenomenon called the recency effect

Answer 42

Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 43

What was main focus of Hermann Ebbinghaus’s study in cognitive psychology

Answer 43

Memory

Question 44

Which historical psychologist chose nonsense syllables such as DAX to reduce ffects of people’s previous experience with language on their ability to recall information

Answer 44

German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 45

Which technique Wundt advocated

Answer 45

An introspection - he meant that carefully trained observers would systematically analyze their own sensations and report them as objectively as possible, under standardized conditions

Question 46

Who is considered as a founder of experimental psychology

Answer 46

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 47

Who can be called first cognitive Psychologist & why

Answer 47

Aristotle. His emphasis on empirical evidence

Question 48

empirical evidence,

Answer 48

evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation

Question 49

Which Greek philosopher thought about perception, and knowledge acquisition though experience and observation, memory and mental imagery

Answer 49

Aristotle

Question 50

contemporary version of cognitive psychology emerged when?

Answer 50

in the last 60-70 years

Question 51

How far back does origins of cognitive psychology can be traced

Answer 51

to the classical Greek philosophers and to developments that began in the 19th century

Question 52

What is a cognitive approach in psychology?

Answer 52

theoretical orientation that emphasizes people’s thought processes and their knowledge or how people think about a particular subject.

Question 53

two meanings of Cognitive psychology

Answer 53

1. It is a synonym to word cognition
   2, it refers to a particular theoretical approach to psychology. Specifically, the cognitive approach

Question 54

metacognition

Answer 54

Knowing how cognition works

Question 55

How cognition helps

Answer 55

afford you the ability to plan, to create, to interact with others, and to process all of the thoughts, sensations, and emotions that you experience on a daily basis.

Question 56

Is cognition voluntary or involuntary

Answer 56

Involuntary, They grant you the ability to recognize and interpret stimuli in your environment and to act (or react) strategically to environmental input

Question 57

What is cognition

Answer 57

Its is a mental activity and refers to acquisition, storage, transformation and use of knowledge

Question 58

What does cognitive Psychology focuses on

Answer 58

investigating the mental processes that give rise to our perceptions and interpretations of the world around us.

Question 59

Cognitive psychology is a subdiscipline of which branch of Psychology

Answer 59

experimental psychology