CHAPTER 2 - TOXICOLOGY Flashcards
The qualitative and quantitative study of adverse effects of toxicants on biological
organisms.
B. Toxicology
Can be a chemical or physical agent, including dusts, fibers, noise, and radiation that
could cause harm in certain quantities.
D. Toxicant
Property of the toxicant describing its effect on biological organisms.
C. Toxicity
Accumulation of toxicant through cuts into the skin.
A. Injection
Accumulation of toxin through skin membrane.
C. Dermal absorption
Elimination of toxicant through the kidneys, liver, lungs, or other organs.
C. Excretion
Elimination of toxicant by changing the chemical into something less harmful substance.
B. Detoxification
Elimination of toxicant utilizing fatty tissues.
D. Storage
The process in which toxicants are turned into less harmful or harmless substances.
C. Biotransformation
Accumulation of toxicant through the mouth into the stomach.
B. Ingestion
What is the primary objective of a toxicological study?
E) To quantify the effects of a suspect toxicant on a target organism
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the response of biological organisms
to toxicants?
A) Hair color
How is the dose of a substance delivered by ingestion or injection typically measured?
C) Milligrams of agent per kilogram of body weight
What type of toxicity is characterized by the effects of a single exposure?
B) Acute toxicity
When is the LD50 value reported in toxicological studies?
B) For lethality measurement, where 50% of subjects are affected
Which dose-response curve represents minor and reversible effects?
A) Effective dose curve (ED curve)
What does the probit method specifically provide in the analysis of dose-response
curves?
D) Straight-line equivalent to response-dose curve
Which interaction occurs when the combined effect of two chemicals is greater than the
sum of their individual effects?
A) Synergistic interaction
How is the response to a toxicant generally plotted in a toxicological study?
A) As a Gaussian distribution
In what context is chronic toxicity particularly challenging to study?
B) Because most studies are based on acute exposures
What does the Hodge-Sterner table assess in terms of chemicals?
A) Level of toxicity
According to the Hodge-Sterner table, what does a dose of 1.0 - 50 mg/kg indicate?
A) Seriously toxic
If a toxicant A is located to the right of toxicant B on a response-dose curve, what does
this imply?
B) Toxicant A is generally more hazardous than toxicant B
What is the primary purpose of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) according to the text?
A) Serve as recommendations for assessing workplace risks
Which TLV type refers to the exposure limit that should not be exceeded at any time
during a workday?
A) TLV-C
What is one key difference between TLVs and the Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs)?
A) TLVs are updated more frequently than PELs.
What is indicated when there is no threshold for exposure to certain toxicants?
C) Any level of exposure is prohibited.
What does the NFPA diamond primarily assist emergency responders with?
A) Recognizing potential chemical hazards during emergencies
In the NFPA diamond, what does the number ‘0’ signify?
B) Least dangerous hazard
What factors are taken into account for reporting Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)?
D) Parts per million, mg/m3, or mppcf
