CHAPTER 2 - TOXICOLOGY

Question 1

The qualitative and quantitative study of adverse effects of toxicants on biological
organisms.

Answer 1

B. Toxicology

Question 2

Can be a chemical or physical agent, including dusts, fibers, noise, and radiation that
could cause harm in certain quantities.

Answer 2

D. Toxicant

Question 3

Property of the toxicant describing its effect on biological organisms.

Answer 3

C. Toxicity

Question 4

Accumulation of toxicant through cuts into the skin.

Answer 4

A. Injection

Question 5

Accumulation of toxin through skin membrane.

Answer 5

C. Dermal absorption

Question 6

Elimination of toxicant through the kidneys, liver, lungs, or other organs.

Answer 6

C. Excretion

Question 7

Elimination of toxicant by changing the chemical into something less harmful substance.

Answer 7

B. Detoxification

Question 8

Elimination of toxicant utilizing fatty tissues.

Answer 8

D. Storage

Question 9

The process in which toxicants are turned into less harmful or harmless substances.

Answer 9

C. Biotransformation

Question 10

Accumulation of toxicant through the mouth into the stomach.

Answer 10

B. Ingestion

Question 11

What is the primary objective of a toxicological study?

Answer 11

E) To quantify the effects of a suspect toxicant on a target organism

Question 12

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the response of biological organisms
to toxicants?

Answer 12

A) Hair color

Question 13

How is the dose of a substance delivered by ingestion or injection typically measured?

Answer 13

C) Milligrams of agent per kilogram of body weight

Question 14

What type of toxicity is characterized by the effects of a single exposure?

Answer 14

B) Acute toxicity

Question 15

When is the LD50 value reported in toxicological studies?

Answer 15

B) For lethality measurement, where 50% of subjects are affected

Question 16

Which dose-response curve represents minor and reversible effects?

Answer 16

A) Effective dose curve (ED curve)

Question 17

What does the probit method specifically provide in the analysis of dose-response
curves?

Answer 17

D) Straight-line equivalent to response-dose curve

Question 18

Which interaction occurs when the combined effect of two chemicals is greater than the
sum of their individual effects?

Answer 18

A) Synergistic interaction

Question 19

How is the response to a toxicant generally plotted in a toxicological study?

Answer 19

A) As a Gaussian distribution

Question 20

In what context is chronic toxicity particularly challenging to study?

Answer 20

B) Because most studies are based on acute exposures

Question 20

What does the Hodge-Sterner table assess in terms of chemicals?

Answer 20

A) Level of toxicity

Question 20

According to the Hodge-Sterner table, what does a dose of 1.0 - 50 mg/kg indicate?

Answer 20

A) Seriously toxic

Question 21

If a toxicant A is located to the right of toxicant B on a response-dose curve, what does
this imply?

Answer 21

B) Toxicant A is generally more hazardous than toxicant B

Question 22

What is the primary purpose of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) according to the text?

Answer 22

A) Serve as recommendations for assessing workplace risks

Question 23

Which TLV type refers to the exposure limit that should not be exceeded at any time
during a workday?

Answer 23

A) TLV-C

Question 24

What is one key difference between TLVs and the Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs)?

Answer 24

A) TLVs are updated more frequently than PELs.

Question 25

What is indicated when there is no threshold for exposure to certain toxicants?

Answer 25

C) Any level of exposure is prohibited.

Question 26

What does the NFPA diamond primarily assist emergency responders with?

Answer 26

A) Recognizing potential chemical hazards during emergencies

Question 27

In the NFPA diamond, what does the number ‘0’ signify?

Answer 27

B) Least dangerous hazard

Question 28

What factors are taken into account for reporting Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)?

Answer 28

D) Parts per million, mg/m3, or mppcf