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PROCESS SAFETY > CHAPTER 12 - RISK ASSESSMENT > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 - RISK ASSESSMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Originated in the aerospace industry and has been used extensively by the
nuclear power industry to qualify and quantify the hazards and risks associated with
nuclear power plants.

A

C. Fault trees

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2
Q

____________ begin with an initiating event and work toward the top event.

A

B. Event Trees

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3
Q

. __________ is a semi-quantitative tool for analyzing and assessing risk. This method
includes simplified methods to characterize the consequences and estimate the frequencies.

A

C. LOPA

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4
Q

The actual risk of a process or plant is usually determined using _________.

A

C. QRA or LOPA

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5
Q

A method that identifies where operations, engineering, or management systems can be
modified to reduce risk.

A

D. QRA

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6
Q

Events in a fault tree are not restricted to hardware failures. They can also include
______________

A

software, human, and environmental factors.

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7
Q

A fault event that needs no further definition.

A

B. BASIC Event

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8
Q

The resulting output event requires the occurrence of any individual input event

A

D. OR Gate

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9
Q

The resulting output event requires the simultaneous occurrence of all input events

A

B. AND Gate

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10
Q

The event that results from the interaction of a number of other events.

A

A. INTERMEDIATE EVENT

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11
Q

Failures that are immediately obvious.

A

B. Revealed failures

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12
Q

Sum of the period of operation and downtime.

A

D. MTBF

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13
Q

A failure of equipment without the operator being aware of the situation.

A

A. Unrevealed failure

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14
Q

All process components demonstrate unavailability as a result of a failure.

A

A. Probability of Coincidence

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15
Q

The loss of electrical power or a loss of instrument air. A utility failure of this type can
cause all the control loops to fail at the same time.

A

B. Common mode failure

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16
Q

The approach offers details on the possibility of a failure as well as how it could happen.

A

A. Event trees

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17
Q

Depends on the hazards of the process and on the potential for economic losses.

A

D. Degree of Redundancy

17
Q

__________ lines are drawn from these two states to the next safety function.

A

B. Horizontal

17
Q

The event trees is written from left to ______.

A

A. Right

17
Q

Among the 4 Safety Functions, which function is the high-temperature alarm?

A

A. First safety function

18
Q

_____ are collected on the failure rate of a particular hardware component

A

A. Data

19
Q

on average, the component fails after a certain period of time.

A

A. Average failure data

20
Q

The complement of the reliability.

A

C. Failure Probability

21
Q

The __________ is defined as the derivative of the failure probability.

A

B. Failure Density Function

22
Q

This means that a failure of any single component in the ______ of components will
result in failure of the process.

A

D. Series

23
Q

___________ would depend on the manufacturer, materials of construction, the design,
the environment, and other factors.

A

C. Actual Values

24
Q

______ is the reliability of an individual process component.

A

A. Ri

25
Q

_______is the failure probability of each component.

A

Pi

26
Q

_______ represents the fraction of the total area under the failure density function
between time to and t1 .

A

A. Integral

27
Q

The time interval between two failures of the component is called the ___________.

A

C. MTBF

27
Q

The consequences and effects are approximated by categories, the frequencies are estimated, and the effectiveness of the protection layers is also approximated.

A

B. LOPA

28
Q

It begins with a top event and works backward toward the initiating event. (deduction)

A

C. Fault Trees

29
Q

In short terms, it means “LOPA”

A

A. Layer of Protection Analysis

30
Q

In short terms, it means “QRA”

A

C. Quantitative Risk Analysis

31
Q

The independent protection layer (IPL) varies from

A

A. 10^-1 to 10^-5

32
Q

The results should always be more conservative than those from a QRA.

A

A. LOPA

33
Q

if the LOPA results are unsatisfied or if there is any uncertainty in the results, then a
full ____ may be justified

A

D. QRA

33
Q

The primary purpose is to determine whether there are sufficient layers of protection
against a specific accident scenario.

A

A. LOPA

34
Q

study the consequences of these releases are quantified using dispersion modeling and a
detailed analysis to determine the downwind consequences as a result of fires, explosions,
or toxicity.

A

D. QRA

35
Q

The concept of ___ is also used when designing emergency shutdown systems called
safety instrumented functions. (SIFs)

A

B. PFD

PROCESS SAFETY (13 decks)

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