Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Span Development > Chapter 2 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypotheses

A

possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

literally, a “blank slate”; philosopher John Locke’s view that society influences the
development of the child – this is a reactive view as children react to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mechanistic Model (Reactive)

A

views development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli – people are life machines that react to environmental input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organismic Model (Active)

A

views development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Continuous Development

A

development is gradual and incremental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

development is abrupt or uneven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Quantitative Change

A

changes in number or amount,
such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Qualitative Change

A

discontinuous changes in kind,
structure, or organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stage Theories

A

view that development occurs in a series of distinct stages, like stairsteps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Sigmund Freud known for?

A

Psychosexual Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Id

A

part of the personality that governs newborns, operating on the pleasure principle which is the drive to see immediate satisfaction of needs and desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ego

A

part of the personality that represents reason, operating on the reality principle which is finding realistic ways to gratify the id

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Superego

A

part of the personality containing the conscience, incorporating socially approved behavior into the child’s own value system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

in Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fixation

A

in psychoanalysis, an arrest in development that can show up in adult personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Oral Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in which feeding is the main source of sensual pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anal Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in which the chief source of pleasure is moving the bowels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phallic Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in which boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers and girls to their fathers, with aggressive urges toward the same-sex parent, whom they regard as a rival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

boy’s sexual
attachment to their mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Electra Complex

A

girl’s sexual attachment to their fathers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Latency Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in middle childhood; a period of relative emotional calm and intellectual social exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Genital Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development that lasts throughout adulthood, in which repressed sexual urges resurface to flow in socially approved channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Erik Erikson known for?

A

Psychosocial Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

in Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Crisis

A

a major psychosocial challenge that is particularly important during each stage and will remain an issue to some degree throughout the rest of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust

A

critical theme of infancy in which the virtue of hope is developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Learning Perspective

A

view of human development
that holds that changes in behavior result from experience
or from adaptation to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Learning

A

a long-lasting change based on experience or adaptation to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Behaviorism

A

learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Associative Learning

A

the formation of a mental link
between two events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the
response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning based on association of behavior with its consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the
likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Punishment

A

in operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Extinguished

A

term referring to the return of a
behavior to its original, or baseline, level after removal of
reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models; also called
social cognitive theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that affect development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Observational Learning (Modeling)

A

learning through watching the behavior of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Bandura’s updated version
of social learning theory, which puts a greater emphasis on cognitive processes as central to development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Self-efficacy

A

sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals – feedback=confidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

view that thought processes
are central to development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cognitive-stage Theory

A

Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Organization

A

Piaget’s term for the creation of
categories or systems of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Schemes

A

Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Adaptation

A

Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through
processes of assimilation and accommodation

48
Q

Assimilation

A

Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure

49
Q

Accomodation

A

Piaget’s term for changes in a
cognitive structure to include new information

50
Q

Equilibration

A

Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved
through a balance between assimilation and accommodation

51
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

Vygotsky’s theory of how
contextual factors affect children’s development

52
Q

Collaborative

A

Vygotsky’s view that children learn through social interaction

53
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)

A

Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with help

54
Q

Scaffolding

A

temporary support to help a child
master a task

55
Q

Information-processing Approach

A

approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information

56
Q

Computational Models

A

flowcharts that analyze the
specific steps people go through in gathering, storing,
retrieving, and using information

57
Q

Contextual Perspective

A

view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context

58
Q

Bioecological Theory

A

Bronfenbrenner’s approach to
understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence

59
Q

Microsystem

A

Bronfenbrenner’s term for a setting in which a child interacts with others on an everyday, face-to-face basis

60
Q

Exosystem

A

Bronfenbrenner’s term for linkages between two or more settings, one of which does not
contain the child

61
Q

Mesosystem

A

Bronfenbrenner’s term for linkages between two or more microsystems

62
Q

Macrosystem

A

Bronfenbrenner’s term for a society’s overall cultural patterns

63
Q

Chronosystem

A

Bronfenbrenner’s term for effects of time on other developmental systems

64
Q

Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perespective

A

view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and
biological bases of behavior

65
Q

Ethology

A

study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species

66
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

application of Darwinian
principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to
individual behavior

67
Q

Quantitative Research

A

research that deals with
objectively measurable data

68
Q

Scientific Method

A

system of established principles
and processes of scientific inquiry

69
Q

Qualitative Research

A

research that focuses on
nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences,
feelings, or beliefs

70
Q

Population

A

a group to whom the findings in
research may apply

71
Q

Sample

A

group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study

72
Q

Generalized Sampling

A

application of results from a sample study to the population as a whole

73
Q

Random Selection

A

selection of a sample in such a
way that each person in a population has an equal and
independent chance of being chosen

74
Q

Random Sample

A

the result of random selection

75
Q

Self-reports

A

Diaries, Visual Techniques, Interviews, Questionnaires

76
Q

Diary

A

a log or record of activities

77
Q

Parental Self-reports

A

diaries, journals, interviews,
or questionnaires of children’s activities, kept by the parents of young children

78
Q

Interview

A

method in which researchers ask questions about attitudes, opinions, or behavior

79
Q

Structured Interview

A

an interview in which each
participant is asked the same set of questions

80
Q

Open-ended Interview

A

a flexible interview method
in which the interviewer can vary the topics and order of
questions and can ask follow-up questions based on the
responses

81
Q

Questionnaire

A

printed questions that participants fill out and return

82
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

research method in which
behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention
or manipulation

83
Q

Laboratory Observation

A

research method in which
all participants are observed under the same controlled
conditions

84
Q

Observer Bias

A

the researcher’s tendency to interpret data to fit expectations or to emphasize some aspects and minimize others

85
Q

Valid Test

A

a test that measures the abilities it claims to measure is said to be valid

86
Q

Reliable Test

A

a test that provides consistent results from one testing to another is reliable

87
Q

Standardized Test

A

a test that is given and scored by the same methods and criteria for all test-takers is said to be
standardized

88
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities

89
Q

Case Study

A

study of a single subject, such as an individual or family

90
Q

Ethnographic Study

A

in-depth study of a culture,
which uses a combination of methods including participant observation

91
Q

Participant Observation

A

research method in which
the observer lives with the people or participates in the
activity being observed

92
Q

Correlational Study

A

research design intended to
discover whether a statistical relationship between
variables exists

93
Q

Correlation

A

a statistical relationship between two or more variables

94
Q

Variables

A

phenomena that change or vary among people or that can be varied for purposes of research

95
Q

Positive Correlation

A

variables that are related,
increase or decrease together

96
Q

Negative Correlation

A

variables have an inverse
relationship; as one increases, the other decreases

97
Q

Experiment

A

rigorously controlled, replicable
procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other

98
Q

Replicate

A

repeating an experiment in exactly the same way with different participants to verify the results and conclusions

99
Q

Experimental Group

A

in an experiment, the group
receiving the treatment under study

100
Q

Treatment

A

the phenomenon the researcher wants to study

101
Q

Control Group

A

in an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not
receive the treatment under study

102
Q

Treatment Groups

A

in an experiment, groups that
each receive one of the treatments under study

103
Q

Double-blind Procedure

A

an experiment in which neither the participants nor experimenters know who is
receiving the treatment

104
Q

Placebo

A

in inert treatment

105
Q

Independent Variable

A

in an experiment, the
condition over which the experimenter has direct control

106
Q

Dependant Variable

A

in an experiment, the condition
that may or may not change as a result of changes in the
independent variable

107
Q

Operational Definition

A

a definition stated solely in terms of the operations used to measure a phenomenon

108
Q

Random Assignment

A

assignment of participants in
an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group

109
Q

Confound

A

contamination of an experiment by unintended differences between the groups

110
Q

Laboratory Experiment

A

experiment in which the
participants are brought to a special place where they
experience conditions manipulated by the experimenter

111
Q

Field Experiment

A

a controlled study conducted in an everyday setting, such as home or school

112
Q

Natural Experiment

A

study comparing people who
have been accidentally “assigned” to separate groups by
circumstances of life (a correlational study)

113
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

study designed to assess age-
related differences, in which people of different ages are
assessed on one occasion

114
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

study designed to assess
changes in a sample over time

115
Q

Sequential Study

A

study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques

Life Span Development (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions