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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 2 (Section 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Section 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuroscience

A

A branch of the biological perspective that studies how the brain and nervous system affect the mental processes and behavior.

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2
Q

Neuroplacity and Repair

Collateral Sprouting

A

The axons of some healthy neurons adjacent to damaged nueron grow new branches.

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3
Q

Neuroplacity and Repair

Substitution on Function

A

Damaged region’s function is taken over by another area/areas of the brain

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4
Q

Neuroplacity and Repair

Neurogenesis

A

The process by which new neurons are generated. Only in the hippocampus (Brain structure involved in memory)

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5
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells in the Nervous System that transmit information

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6
Q

Studying the Brain and Nervous System

Brain Lesioning

A

Neuroscientist produce lesions in lab animals to determine the effect on the animal’s behavior

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7
Q

Studying the Brain and Nervous System

Lesion

A

Created by surgical removal brain tissue, destroying brain tissue with a laser or eliminating tissue by injecting it with a drug

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8
Q

Studying the Brain and Nervous System

Electrical Recording

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG) record the brain’s electrical activity. Assesses brain damage, epilepsy and other problems

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9
Q

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

CAT or CT Scans

A

Computer axial tomography produces a 3-dimensional image via x-rays that assemble into a composited image

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10
Q

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

A

Measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain as neurons use glucose for energy

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11
Q

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

fMRI

A

Uses blood oxygen to meausre overall function of brain activity

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12
Q

Studying the Brain and Nervous System (Brain Imaging)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

Creates magnetic field around a person’s body then uses radio waves to construct images of the underlying tissues and biochemical activities

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13
Q

Pathways in the Nervous System

Afferent or Sensory Neurons

Afferent = Arrive

A

Carry information from sensory receptors throughout our body to the brain and spinal cord.

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14
Q

Pathways in the Nervous System

Efferent or Motor Neurons

Efferent = Exit

A

Carry information from the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body including muscles and glands

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15
Q

Pathways in the Nervous System

Neural Networks

A

Interconnected groups of nerve cells that intergrate sensory input and motor input. Make up most of the brain and allow for amplification of the brains computing power.

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16
Q

Pathways in the Nervous System

Interneuron

A

Located in the spinal column is the link between sensory neurons and motor neurons

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17
Q

Glial Cells

Glial Cells

A

Support neurons various functions: getting nutrients to neurons, cleans up dead neurons, provides insulation, and makes up 90% of brain matter

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18
Q

Glial Cells

Myelin

A

Whitish fatty substance produced by certain glial cells that coat axons of the neurons; serves to insulate, protect and speed up the neural impulses

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19
Q

Glial Cells

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

A disease that attacks and destroys the myelin insulation

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20
Q

Anatomy of the Neuron

Dendrites

A

Branch like structure at the head of the neuron that recieves incoming messages from other cells

21
Q

Anatomy of the Neuron

Soma/Cell Body

A

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and DNA which keeps the cell alive

22
Q

Anatomy of the Neuron

DNA

A

Chemicals found in the nuclei of cells that contains the genetic blueprint that guides development in the organism

23
Q

Anatomy of the Neuron

Axon

A

Long fiber extends out from the soma that carries the action potentials and electrochemically sends messages/information out to other neuron cells

23
Q

Anatomy of the Neuron

Myelin Sheath

A

The discontinuous segments of myelin that covers the outside of axons in the nervous system

24
Q

Anatomy of the Neuron

Axon Bulb

A

Located at the tail of the neuron. Inside tare synaptic vesicles that contains messengers of the brain that carry signal across the synapse.

25
Q

Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up

Resting Potential

A

The inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside of the neuron -70 mv (millivolts)

26
Q

Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up

Threshold of Excitation

A

Inside the neuron has become less negative when at rest -55 mv (millivolts)

27
Q

Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up

Action Potential

A

Occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes positive enough to fire the neural signall down the tail of the axon -approximately +40 mv (millivolts)

28
Q

Signal in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up

Refractory Period

A

A brief period (few miliseconds) when the neuron is unable to fire an action potential until it returns to the resting potential of -70mv (millivolts).

29
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Synapse

A

The space or junction between two neurons where the axon bulb of one neuron comes into close proximity with the dendrite of another neuron

30
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Presynaptic Neuron

A

The neuron that is releasing/sending the neurotransmitter

31
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

The neruon that is recieving the neurotransmitter

32
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Excitation

A

When a neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic (recieving) neuron (makes the recieving neuron less negative on the inside and more likely to reach the threshold of excitation to fire an action potential)

33
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Inhibition

A

When a neurotransmitter repoloarizes the postsynaptic (recieving) neuron (makes the recieving neuron beome more negative on the inside, moving away from the threshold of excitation and the possibility of firing an action potential.

34
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Receptor Sites

A

Concidered the lock of the postsynaptic nueron while the correct neurotransmitter is the key

35
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Re-uptake

A

Neurotranmitters are removeed from the synaptic gap and are recycled back into the presynaptic neuron

36
Q

Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission

Purpose of Re-uptake

A
  1. Resupplies the pres-synaptic neuron with the neurotranmitters fro the next firing potential
  2. Clears the synapse ensuring that just the right amount of excitation or inhibition occurs in the postsynaptic neuron
37
Q

Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine (Purpose)

A

Plays a role in awareness or consciousness and memory. Inhibits the acion of the heart in order to excite skeletal muscles

38
Q

Neurotransmitters

Dopamine (Purpose)

A

Plays a role in voluntary movement, learning, attention, sleep, mood, and motivation. Influences the pleasure/reward centers of the brain.

39
Q

Neurotransmitters

Seratonin (Purpose)

A

Maintains neuroplasticity. Works w/ acetylcholine and norepinephrine to regulate our sleep/arousal, influences mood, eating, and pain perception

40
Q

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

A

Body’s chief inhibitory neurotransmitter is thought to regulate arousal, our general level of energy and alertness

41
Q

Norepinephrine (NOR)

A

Inhibits action potential in CNS but excites the heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract. Works w/ acetylcholine to regulate sleep, arousal, and mood.

42
Q

Glutamate

A

Chief excitatory neurotransmitter; Without it many brain processes would not take place.

43
Q

Endorphins

A

The body’s natural painkiller

44
Q

Oxytocin

A

Plays a role in experience of love and social bonding.

45
Q

Agonist

A

Drugs that mimics or increases the effects of neurotransmitters

46
Q
A
47
Q

Antagonist

A

Drugs that blocks the effects of neurotransmitters

48
Q
A

Introduction to Psychology (9 decks)

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