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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 1 (Section 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (Section 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Modern Perspectives

Biology

A

The physical/biological causes to understand and explain behavior

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2
Q

Modern Perspectives

Neuroscience

A

A field in science that investigates the relationships between the nervous system and behavior/mental processes

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3
Q

Four Goals of Psychology

  1. Explain
A

The attempt to explain or understand the causes of a behavior

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3
Q

Four Goals of Psychology

  1. Predict
A

After observing events two events regularly ocurring together, a prediction and/or anticipation of future events can be made

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3
Q

Empirical Method of Research

A

Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning

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3
Q

Modern Perspectives

Evolutionary

A

“Survival of the fittest” - Behaviors that increase human’s chances of surviving are foacored or selected

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3
Q

Modern Perspectives

Cognitive

A

The mental processes involved in knowing and thinking and how behavior is the product of thoughts and interpretations based on memory, expectatino, beliefs, problem solving, intelligence, etc

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4
Q

Modern Perspectives

Sociocultural

A

Wider view of the impact of our social environment on behavior

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4
Q

Modern Perspectives

Humanistic

A

The personal growth and potential of humans.

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4
Q

Four Goals of Psychology

  1. Control
A

The purpose behind explaining and understanding the causes of behavior is to control/change future behavior.

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5
Q

Theory

A

A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations

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5
Q

Modern Perspectives

Psychodynamic

A

Internal conscious conlicts between biological dirves, desires and society’s demands

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5
Q

Modern Perspectives

Eclectic

A

Integrates and combines several perspectives when explaining behavior

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6
Q

Modern Perspectives

Behavioral

A

External causes of behavior and how stimuli in our environment and/or rewards and punishments we receive influence our behavior

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6
Q

Four Goals of Psychology

  1. Describe
A

Involves observing events and describe them in order to look at how events might be related

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7
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can change

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8
Q

Predictive & Causal

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess or an assumption made before any research has been completed to explain the relationship between two or more variables

9
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Descriptive Research

A

Finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable

9
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Correlational Research

A

Strives to discover relationship between variables

9
Q

Predictive & Causal

Causal Hypothesis

A

An educated guess about how one variable effects or causes a change in another variable

manipulates the independant variable

10
Q

Predictive & Causal

Predictive Hypothesis

A

an educated guess about the relationship among variables

No manipulating or controlling the independant variable

11
Q
A
12
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Experimental Research

A

Establishes causal relationships between variables

13
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Observer Bias

A

The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

13
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Naturalistic Observations (Descriptive)

A

Observing behavior in the natural environment in which the behavior typically occurs

14
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Obserer Effect

A

The tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed

15
Q

Surveys & Interviews (Descriptive)

A

Researchers will ask a series of question about the topic they are studying

16
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Case Studies (Descriptive)

A

One individual is studied in great detail

17
Q

Type of Psychological Research

Correlational Research/Studies

A

Used to determine if a correlation exists between 2 or more variables, and the strength of the relationship

Will NEVER determine the “cause” of an event or explain “why” an event occurs

18
Q

Longitudinal Designs

A

Measures the same variables over different periods in time

18
Q

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

A

A study design that randomly assigns participants to an experimental group or a control group

18
Q

Experiments

A

A carefully regulated procedure in which the research manipulates one or more variable that are believed to influence some other variable

19
Q

Sample Population

A

A portion or subset that represents the population of interest

19
Q

Total Population of Interest

A

The specified group of people/animals/institutions

19
Q

Confederates

A

A person who is given a role to play iin a study so that social context can be manipulated

20
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group that’s given the independant variable in an experiement

21
Q

Placebo

A

an inert substance or fake treatment, designed to have no therapeutic effect

22
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address

23
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which changes in dependant variable are due to the manipulation of the independant variable

24
Q

Parallel Design

A

Compares two or more groups that receive different treatment interventions or are subjected to different experimental conditions

25
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

A non-invasive form of brain stimulation in which a changing magnetic field is used to cause electrical current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction

Introduction to Psychology (9 decks)

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