Chapter 2 Resesrch Methods: RESEARCH DESIGNS

Question 1

Two common descriptive methods are ___________ and _________

Answer 1

Naturalistic observation

Case studies

Question 2

These approaches are susceptible to _______

Answer 2

Researcher bias

Question 3

What is rear her bias?

Answer 3

Where opinions and beliefs of the researched can unduly influence his or her observations

Question 4

The major limitation of both approach a is that is it often _______ to specify which variables influence behaviour

Answer 4

Difficult

Question 5

Because the case study appra h often involves only one person the results ma be limited in the extent to which they can be _____ to others

Answer 5

Generalised

Question 6

In an experiment a ________ variable is systemically varied to determine its effects on the ________

Answer 6

Independent

Dependant

Question 7

In the simplistic for of a control group design individuals are _______ assigned to either an _______ ( or _______) group and a _________ group

Answer 7

Experimental
Treatment

Control

Question 8

Three problem with control groups designs are:

1) require _______ number of subjects
2) typically focuses on average ________ and ignores _________
3) result only assessed at the ______ of r experiment

Answer 8

Large
Performance
Individual performance
End

Question 9

What is a control group design?

Answer 9

A type of experiential design which in its simplest form suje to are randomly assign to treatment or control group the treatment group receive the manipulation whereas control groups are not

Question 10

What is comparative design?

Are they simple or factorial?

How many dependant and indent ant variables can they invovle?

Answer 10

A type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables

Both

can involve more that one independent or dependant variable

Question 11

What is the main difference between comparative designs and standard control group designs?

Answer 11

You do not have a pure control group that receives no treatment in a comparative design

Question 12

What are control group designs good at?

Answer 12

Assessing the general effects of certain variables

Question 13

Are cause and effect statements possible in a control group design?

Answer 13

Yes be cusse of strict control over environment that can rule out alternative explanations

Subjects receive identical experiences apart from the vestibule being manipulated

Question 14

What are single subject designs?

Also known as single case or small n designs
There are 4 which we discuss

Answer 14

Unlike control group designs single subject designs require only one or a few subjects to conduct an entire experiment

Question 15

What are the 4 types of single subject designs discussed?

Answer 15

Simple comparison design (AB)

Reversal design (ABA) ABAB

Multiple baseline design

Changing criterion design

Question 16

What happens in simple comparison design?

Answer 16

Behaviour in a baseline condition is compared to behaviour in a treatment condition

Question 17

A simple comparison design _______ allow us to determine if there is a _________ relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Why is this the case?

Answer 17

Does not
Functional

Because it doesn’t control for the possibility that some other event occurred at the same time that they treatment was implemented and it was this other event that caused the change in behaviour

Question 18

When is it best to use simple comparison design?

Answer 18

When you have limited resources and time for investigating treatment effect and are simple interested in seeing whether there is some type of improvement

It only provides suggestive evidence that the treatment is effective

Question 19

A reversal design is also called a ___________ design involved reoated alternation between a _______ period and a ________ period

Answer 19

ABA OR ABAB

Baseline
Treatment

Question 20

What is a reversal design?

Answer 20

Single subject design that involved repeated repetitions of baseline and treatment period

Question 21

What type of result do we need to see during the second baseline phase to determine whether our treatment is the cause of the change in the behaviour?

Answer 21

Behaviour must return to same level as in the first baseline

Question 22

A reversal design is in appraise for an experiment in which the treatment is expected to produce a __________ change in the behaviour

Answer 22

Permenant

Question 23

A reversal design is also inappropriate when the act of withdrawing a successful treatment would lad to _________ problems

Answer 23

Ethical

Question 24

What is a multiple baseline design?

Answer 24

A treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, setting or behaviours

Question 25

A key advantage of the multiple baseline design is that we do not have to __________ the trea,tent to determine if it is effective

Answer 25

Withdraw

Question 26

It is therefore preferable design doe situation In which the treatment might result in a _______ change in behaviour or where it must be _______ to withdraw the treatment

Answer 26

Permenanat

Unethical

Question 27

Multiple baseline across persons

Answer 27

Each person starts the treatment at a different time

If the improvement in smoking coincides with the implementation of the treatment for each individual then a functional relationship. Do seen the treatment and the improvement in behaviour has been demonstrated

Question 28

Multiple baseline across settings

Answer 28

At home
At work
In coffe shop

After a week of baseline start treatment only At work
Second week work + home
Third week work + home + coffee shop

If rate of smoking in each setting drops only at point of treatment is implemented then the procedure is highly likely to be cause of improvement

Question 29

Multiple baseline across behaviours

Answer 29

Swearing
Smoking
Nail biting

Implement treatment at different times for each behaviour

If each behaviour shows import ment only on treatment then we ha e demonstrated functional relationship between the treatment and behaviour

Question 30

When is changing Changing criterion design appropriate?

Answer 30

When measure the effect of a treatment that is not intended to produce large immediate changes in behaviour but a gradual change over time

Question 31

In a changing criterion design the question if interest is whether the changes in behaviour match the __________ for the behaviour that is being systematically ________

Answer 31

Criterion

Altered

Question 32

A changing criterion design is most appropriate for assessing the effect of programs designed to procured a _________ change in behaviour

Answer 32

Gradual

Question 33

In using this type of design it is important that the level of behaviour closely ______ the changes in the criterion for that behaviour

Answer 33

Matches

Question 34

Two advantage to using animals for behaviour research is that one can more strictly control an animals _____________ make up and _______ history

Answer 34

Genetic

Learning

Question 35

A third advantage to using animals is that the ________ environment can more easily be controlled for animals than for humans

Answer 35

Experimental

Question 36

A fourth advantage to using animals did research is that it would be __________ to conduct cetusn type is of studied with humans such as examining the before to of brain lesions on learning ability

Answer 36

Unethical

Question 37

Two arguments again the use of animals in reach are

1)
2)

Answer 37

Animals are different to humans hence the studies eith animals may not be useful
It is morally wrong to conduct studies in animals