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Introduction To Learning > Chapter 1 Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

The term behaviour refers to any organism that can be ______ or somehow ______

A

Observed

Measured

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2
Q

E term learning refers to a relatively _____ change in what an organism does as a result of some type of ________

A

Permanent

Experience

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3
Q

In _______ conditioning behaviours that the average person typically regards as ______ come to be elicited by new situations

A

Classical

Involuntary

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4
Q

In ________ conditioning a behaviour produces some type of consequence that strengthens or weakens it’s occurrence. Such ben our has are typically those hat are generally regarded as _______directed and which the average person often perceives as being ________ in nature

A

Operant

Goal

Voluntary

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5
Q

Feeling anxious as you enter a dentists office is an example of a behaviour that was most likely been learned through ______ conditioning

A

Classical

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6
Q

Speaking with a loud voice in a noisy environment so that other will be able to hear you is an example of a behaviour that has most likely been learnt through _______ conditioning

A

Operant

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7
Q

According to the national system to be used in this text the term

A:B
Means that event A is ______ by event B

X -> Y
Means that event X ______ event Y

A

Is followed by

Produces

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8
Q

The nativist position as exemplify by Greek philosopher _______ emphasises the from of _________

A

Plato

Heredity

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9
Q

The empiricist position as expel indies by Greek ohislopsher _____ emphasises the role of _________

A

Aristotle

Learning

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10
Q

Nativist to _____ is as empiricist is to ____

A

Nature

Nurture

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11
Q

Law of ______ states that we associate event that ate opposite each other

A

Contrast

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12
Q

Law of _______ states that we associate events that occur in close proximity to each other

A

Contiguity (closeness)

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13
Q

Law of ______ states that we easily associate events that resemble each other

A

Similarity

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14
Q

Law of _______ states that the more often two events occur together the stronger the association is

A

Frequency

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15
Q

Animals that have fur four legs a tail and can bark are quickly perceived as be leaning to the same species

The is an example of the law of _____

A

Similarity

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16
Q

The fact that the words full and empty are easily Associated with each other is an example of ______

A

The law of contrast

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17
Q

The more often one practise a particular move in wrestle the more likely one is to overcome that move in a real match

This is an example of the law of

A

Frequency

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18
Q

After once encountering a snake in her garage Lisa is now quite nervous each time she is in the garage

This is an example if Aristotle law of ______

It is also an example of ________

A

Contiguity

Classical

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19
Q

Descartes dualistic model proposed that human behaviour has 2 aspects an ________ ape to that functions like a _______

A

Involuntarily

Machine

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20
Q

He second part of the dualistic models concerns a _________ aspect which is goverend by _____________

A

Voluntary

Free will

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21
Q

Behaviour of animals is entirely _______

A

Reflexive

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22
Q

The British empiricists such as ________ maintained that knowledge was largely the function of ________ and that the mind of a newborn infants is a _______ ______ which means _____ ______

A

John Locke

Experience

Tabula rasa

Blank slate

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23
Q

They also believed that the mind composed of a finite set of basic _____ that are then combined through the principles of ______ to form our concise experiences

A

Elements

Association

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24
Q

The _______ approach proposed that the goal of psychology should be to identify the basic elements if he mind

The primary research me this use if accomplishing this was the method if __________

A

Structuralist

Introspection

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25
Q

Who was a key name in structuralism?

A

Titchener

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26
Q

Who was a key name in functionalism ______

A

William James

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27
Q

In contrast to the above those who adopted __________ approach to psychology emphasised the adaptive processes if the mind abs were his very intruded in the study of ______

A

Functionalist

Learning

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28
Q

The functionalist approach was strongly influenced by _______ theory of ______ as a such the psychologists viewed animal research as _____ to the study of human behaviour in hat humans were seen to ha e evoked in a ______ manner to other animals

A

Darwin
Evolution
Relevant
Similar

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29
Q

The ductionalists were similar to the structural is in hat they still emphasis e the study of ______. __________ and in doing so often used the method of _______

A

Conscious experience

Introspection

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30
Q

William James was a

A

Functionalist

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31
Q

Edward titchener was a

A

Structuralist

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32
Q

An ___________ ___________ is a trait that has evolved through ________ __________

A

Evolutionary adaptions

Natural selection

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33
Q

Three main components of natural selection are

  1. Traits vary _________
  2. Many traits are _______
  3. Organisms compete for ________ _________
A

Within and between species

Heritable

Limited resources

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34
Q

To say a trait is heritable means that ______

A

It has a genetic basis and can be inherited by offspring

35
Q

The real driving force behind evolution is not survival of the fittest but rather the _______ _________ held by this indivisible who possess ______ ________

A

Reproductive advantage

Adaptive traits

36
Q

It is simplistic to assume that one can draw a clear distinction between _________ and ________ because the way we learn is itself an ______ Trait

A

Nature and nurture

Inherited trait

37
Q

Watson noted that a major problem with the method of ______ was hat the results obtained were often _______

A

Introspection

Unreliable

38
Q

A basic problem with relying on someone’s report about his or her thoughts and feelings is that we are making an ________ that the report is _______ this term is defined in the footnotes as s supposition or a guess based on logical ______ rather than ______ _________

A

Inference
Accurate
Deduction
Direct observation

39
Q

The notion that he proper subject matter of psychology should be e study of consciousness was so strong that even those who studied ________ were compelled to make inferences about the possible metal proceeds in thier subjects

A

Observable

40
Q

Watson argued that psychology needed to become a _____________ based solely on the study of _______ _________ events

A

Natural science

Direct
Observable

41
Q

According to the laws of _______ the _______explanation is generally the perefereble explanation

A

Parsimony

Simple

42
Q

One version of the above law known as _____ ______ holds that it is preferable to interpret animal be hour in terms of _____ more _____ processes such as reflex or habit than higher more mentalist id process such as reasoning

A

Morgan canon
Lower
Primitive

43
Q

What is the Morgan canon law a version of? And what does it state?

A

Law of parsimony

it is preferable to interpret animal behaviours in terms of lower more primitive processes such as reflex or habit than higher more mentalistic process such as reasoning

44
Q

Watsons brand of behaviourism is often referred to as __________

A

Methodological behaviourism

45
Q

According to this type of behaviourism psychologist should study only those behaviours that can be _______ ________

A

Directly observed

46
Q

Watson believe that all reference to _______ events should be eliminated from the study of behaviour

A

Internal (mental)

47
Q

Watson proposed an ___-___ theory if learning whic hypothesises that learning involves the formation of a direct connection between a ______ and a ________

A

S-R

Stimulus
Response

48
Q

In his 1913 article Watson emphasis sized the roel of _______ and ________ in the develo,met of human behaviour

A

Heredity
Environment

Heredity

49
Q

In his later theorising Watson proposed that humans inherit __________ basic reflexes along with three basic emotions _______, _______ and ________

A

Few

Love, fear and rage

50
Q

Hull was a ……..

A

Neibehaviourist

51
Q

Hull believed that it might be useful to incorporate ____ ______ into ones theorising so on gas they can be _________ by defining them in such a way that they can be measure

A

Internal events

Operationalised

52
Q

What is methodological behaviourism?

A

A brand of behavioural which assets that for methodological reasons psychologists should studying those behaviour that can be directly observed

53
Q

What is neobehaviourism

A

A brand of behaviourism that utilises intervening variables in the form of hypothesises physiological processes to help explain behaviour

54
Q

In hulls spoofs h the internal events he included were hypothetical __________ processes

A

Physiological

55
Q

Such internal events are called _______ variables in that they are presumed to _____ between the environment and behaviour

A

Intervening

Mediate

56
Q

Hulls theory was a pure ______ -_______ theory in that it assumed that the process of learning involved the creation of connections between specific _____ and specific _____

A

SR

Stimulus

Response

57
Q

What is _______ cognitive behaviourism?

A

Tolmans

A brand of behaviourism that utlisizes intervening variables usually in the form of hypothesises cognitive processes to help explain behaviour sometimes called purposive behaviourism

58
Q

Tolmans approach is known as ________ behaviourism because it utlizes mentalistic concepts such as expectations to explain behaviour this approach is also sometimes called _________

A

Cognitive

Purposive

59
Q

A __________ ______ is an internal representation of ones surrounding

A

Cognitive Map

60
Q

The experiment by Tolman and Honzik has traditional,y been regarded as a demonstration of __________ learning in which learning alleges to take place in the absence of any reward

The experiments has also been regarded as s demonstrations if the disturb between _______ and ________

A

Latent

Learning
performance

61
Q

Tolman believed that introspectively observed thoughts and feelings are _______ in the analysis of behaviour

As well almost all of tolmans research was conducted using _____ as subjects

A

Useless

Rats

62
Q

The modern dust study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is known as _______ _________, or _________ _________

A

Animal cognition

Comparative cognition

63
Q

Banduras ___________ __________ theory emphasises the importance of ________ learning and __________ variables

A

Social learning

Observational

Cognitive

64
Q

The concept of ______ ________ proposes that three variables:

1)
2)
3)

All interact with each other

A

Reciprocal determinism

Environment
Behaviour
Person

65
Q

Bandit as work has influenced the development of a type of therapy know as ______-_________ therapy in which an attempt is made to change be hour by altering both environmental and cognitive factors

A

Cognitive behavioural

66
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

A brand of behaviourism that strongly emphasises the importance if observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behaviour

67
Q

Skinners ________ behaviourism emphasises both internal and external behaviours as resulting from _________ influences

A

Radical

Environmental

68
Q

Skinned views thoughts and feelings as ________ behaviours that themselves need to be explained

These can be also called _________ behaviours

A

Private

Covert

69
Q

In teaching children to label thier thought and feelings parents first have to make ________ about what the child is feeling

A

Inferences

70
Q

In determining the relationships if thought and feelings to behaviour it is sometimes difficult to know if the interstate event _______’
, ________ or occurs ________ to the behaviour

A

Precedes
Follows
Parallel

71
Q

Yet another issue with respect to using internal events to explain behaviour is that we _______ directly chance such events

A

Cannot

72
Q

Saying that you are feeling halo to explain why you are always smiling and laughing is from skinners perspective an example K of using feelings as a ________ explanation for your behaviour

A

Pseudo

73
Q

Altering the environment so as to control our own behaviour is referred to as _______ control

However in skinners view even this type of behaviour is ultimately the result of some type of ________ influence

A

Counter

Environmental

74
Q

Skinner is most similar to ________ in arguing that behaviour is best viewed from a ________ perspective

A

Tolman

Molar

75
Q

For skinned an SR interpretation can best be applied to behaviour that is ________ and can be ________ conditioned

A

Reflexive

Classically

76
Q

SR interpretation cannot be applied to _________ behaviour that is under the control of its _________ and has a more ________ quality about it

A

Operant

Consequences

Flexible

77
Q

The Tolmanin rats run through the maze because it ________ that doing so will result in food

Tolman was comfortable hypothesising that the existence of a _________ based on __________ inside the animal to help explain the present behaviour

A

Expects
Mental event

Past experience

78
Q

The Skinnerain rats run through the maze because such behaviour has ___________ resulted in food

Skinner preferred to explain the behaviour by simply _________

A

In the past

Past experience

79
Q

Although he emphasised the role of environment skinner also believed that behaviour was fundamentally the result of the integration between ______ and _______

He was in fact quite interested in evidence indicating _______ limitations on ________ conditioning

A

Genetics
Environment
Genetic
Operant

80
Q

Skinner believed that the processes of _______ and ________ conditioning were quite similar in that both involved the selection of what was beneficial from what was not beneficial

A

Evolution

Operant

81
Q

On a practical level skinner was _________ about genetic explanation for behaviour because he believed that such explanations tend to be _______ about the possibility of change

A

Cautious

Pessimistic

82
Q

Skinners philosophy of behaviourism is called _______ behaviourism

A

Radical

Philosophy of behaviour is the set of basic assumptions for how best to conduct a science of behaviour

83
Q

The science that grew out of that hips loops is called the _______ __________ of behaviour or more breifly __________. __________

A

Experimental analysis is of behaviour

Behavioural analysis

84
Q

The technology that has grown out of that science is know as
__________. __________ _________

A

Applied behavioural analysis

Introduction To Learning (14 decks)

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