Chapter 1 Introduction

Question 1

The term behaviour refers to any organism that can be ______ or somehow ______

Answer 1

Observed

Measured

Question 2

E term learning refers to a relatively _____ change in what an organism does as a result of some type of ________

Answer 2

Permanent

Experience

Question 3

In _______ conditioning behaviours that the average person typically regards as ______ come to be elicited by new situations

Answer 3

Classical

Involuntary

Question 4

In ________ conditioning a behaviour produces some type of consequence that strengthens or weakens it’s occurrence. Such ben our has are typically those hat are generally regarded as _______directed and which the average person often perceives as being ________ in nature

Answer 4

Operant

Goal

Voluntary

Question 5

Feeling anxious as you enter a dentists office is an example of a behaviour that was most likely been learned through ______ conditioning

Answer 5

Classical

Question 6

Speaking with a loud voice in a noisy environment so that other will be able to hear you is an example of a behaviour that has most likely been learnt through _______ conditioning

Answer 6

Operant

Question 7

According to the national system to be used in this text the term

A:B
Means that event A is ______ by event B

X -> Y
Means that event X ______ event Y

Answer 7

Is followed by

Produces

Question 8

The nativist position as exemplify by Greek philosopher _______ emphasises the from of _________

Answer 8

Plato

Heredity

Question 9

The empiricist position as expel indies by Greek ohislopsher _____ emphasises the role of _________

Answer 9

Aristotle

Learning

Question 10

Nativist to _____ is as empiricist is to ____

Answer 10

Nature

Nurture

Question 11

Law of ______ states that we associate event that ate opposite each other

Answer 11

Contrast

Question 12

Law of _______ states that we associate events that occur in close proximity to each other

Answer 12

Contiguity (closeness)

Question 13

Law of ______ states that we easily associate events that resemble each other

Answer 13

Similarity

Question 14

Law of _______ states that the more often two events occur together the stronger the association is

Answer 14

Frequency

Question 15

Animals that have fur four legs a tail and can bark are quickly perceived as be leaning to the same species

The is an example of the law of _____

Answer 15

Similarity

Question 16

The fact that the words full and empty are easily Associated with each other is an example of ______

Answer 16

The law of contrast

Question 17

The more often one practise a particular move in wrestle the more likely one is to overcome that move in a real match

This is an example of the law of

Answer 17

Frequency

Question 18

After once encountering a snake in her garage Lisa is now quite nervous each time she is in the garage

This is an example if Aristotle law of ______

It is also an example of ________

Answer 18

Contiguity

Classical

Question 19

Descartes dualistic model proposed that human behaviour has 2 aspects an ________ ape to that functions like a _______

Answer 19

Involuntarily

Machine

Question 20

He second part of the dualistic models concerns a _________ aspect which is goverend by _____________

Answer 20

Voluntary

Free will

Question 21

Behaviour of animals is entirely _______

Answer 21

Reflexive

Question 22

The British empiricists such as ________ maintained that knowledge was largely the function of ________ and that the mind of a newborn infants is a _______ ______ which means _____ ______

Answer 22

John Locke

Experience

Tabula rasa

Blank slate

Question 23

They also believed that the mind composed of a finite set of basic _____ that are then combined through the principles of ______ to form our concise experiences

Answer 23

Elements

Association

Question 24

The _______ approach proposed that the goal of psychology should be to identify the basic elements if he mind

The primary research me this use if accomplishing this was the method if __________

Answer 24

Structuralist

Introspection

Question 25

Who was a key name in structuralism?

Answer 25

Titchener

Question 26

Who was a key name in functionalism ______

Answer 26

William James

Question 27

In contrast to the above those who adopted __________ approach to psychology emphasised the adaptive processes if the mind abs were his very intruded in the study of ______

Answer 27

Functionalist Learning

Question 28

The functionalist approach was strongly influenced by _______ theory of ______ as a such the psychologists viewed animal research as _____ to the study of human behaviour in hat humans were seen to ha e evoked in a ______ manner to other animals

Answer 28

Darwin Evolution Relevant Similar

Question 29

The ductionalists were similar to the structural is in hat they still emphasis e the study of ______. __________ and in doing so often used the method of _______

Answer 29

Conscious experience | Introspection

Question 30

William James was a

Answer 30

Functionalist

Question 31

Edward titchener was a

Answer 31

Structuralist

Question 32

An ___________ ___________ is a trait that has evolved through ________ __________

Answer 32

Evolutionary adaptions Natural selection

Question 33

Three main components of natural selection are 1. Traits vary _________ 2. Many traits are _______ 3. Organisms compete for ________ _________

Answer 33

Within and between species Heritable Limited resources

Question 34

To say a trait is heritable means that ______

Answer 34

It has a genetic basis and can be inherited by offspring

Question 35

The real driving force behind evolution is not survival of the fittest but rather the _______ _________ held by this indivisible who possess ______ ________

Answer 35

Reproductive advantage Adaptive traits

Question 36

It is simplistic to assume that one can draw a clear distinction between _________ and ________ because the way we learn is itself an ______ Trait

Answer 36

Nature and nurture | Inherited trait

Question 37

Watson noted that a major problem with the method of ______ was hat the results obtained were often _______

Answer 37

Introspection Unreliable

Question 38

A basic problem with relying on someone's report about his or her thoughts and feelings is that we are making an ________ that the report is _______ this term is defined in the footnotes as s supposition or a guess based on logical ______ rather than ______ _________

Answer 38

Inference Accurate Deduction Direct observation

Question 39

The notion that he proper subject matter of psychology should be e study of consciousness was so strong that even those who studied ________ were compelled to make inferences about the possible metal proceeds in thier subjects

Answer 39

Observable

Question 40

Watson argued that psychology needed to become a _____________ based solely on the study of _______ _________ events

Answer 40

Natural science Direct Observable

Question 41

According to the laws of _______ the _______explanation is generally the perefereble explanation

Answer 41

Parsimony Simple

Question 42

One version of the above law known as _____ ______ holds that it is preferable to interpret animal be hour in terms of _____ more _____ processes such as reflex or habit than higher more mentalist id process such as reasoning

Answer 42

Morgan canon Lower Primitive

Question 43

What is the Morgan canon law a version of? And what does it state?

Answer 43

Law of parsimony it is preferable to interpret animal behaviours in terms of lower more primitive processes such as reflex or habit than higher more mentalistic process such as reasoning

Question 44

Watsons brand of behaviourism is often referred to as __________

Answer 44

Methodological behaviourism

Question 45

According to this type of behaviourism psychologist should study only those behaviours that can be _______ ________

Answer 45

Directly observed

Question 46

Watson believe that all reference to _______ events should be eliminated from the study of behaviour

Answer 46

Internal (mental)

Question 47

Watson proposed an ___-___ theory if learning whic hypothesises that learning involves the formation of a direct connection between a ______ and a ________

Answer 47

S-R Stimulus Response

Question 48

In his 1913 article Watson emphasis sized the roel of _______ and ________ in the develo,met of human behaviour

Answer 48

Heredity Environment Heredity

Question 49

In his later theorising Watson proposed that humans inherit __________ basic reflexes along with three basic emotions _______, _______ and ________

Answer 49

Few | Love, fear and rage

Question 50

Hull was a ........

Answer 50

Neibehaviourist

Question 51

Hull believed that it might be useful to incorporate ____ ______ into ones theorising so on gas they can be _________ by defining them in such a way that they can be measure

Answer 51

Internal events | Operationalised

Question 52

What is methodological behaviourism?

Answer 52

A brand of behavioural which assets that for methodological reasons psychologists should studying those behaviour that can be directly observed

Question 53

What is neobehaviourism

Answer 53

A brand of behaviourism that utilises intervening variables in the form of hypothesises physiological processes to help explain behaviour

Question 54

In hulls spoofs h the internal events he included were hypothetical __________ processes

Answer 54

Physiological

Question 55

Such internal events are called _______ variables in that they are presumed to _____ between the environment and behaviour

Answer 55

Intervening Mediate

Question 56

Hulls theory was a pure ______ -_______ theory in that it assumed that the process of learning involved the creation of connections between specific _____ and specific _____

Answer 56

SR Stimulus Response

Question 57

What is _______ cognitive behaviourism?

Answer 57

Tolmans A brand of behaviourism that utlisizes intervening variables usually in the form of hypothesises cognitive processes to help explain behaviour sometimes called purposive behaviourism

Question 58

Tolmans approach is known as ________ behaviourism because it utlizes mentalistic concepts such as expectations to explain behaviour this approach is also sometimes called _________

Answer 58

Cognitive Purposive

Question 59

A __________ ______ is an internal representation of ones surrounding

Answer 59

Cognitive Map

Question 60

The experiment by Tolman and Honzik has traditional,y been regarded as a demonstration of __________ learning in which learning alleges to take place in the absence of any reward The experiments has also been regarded as s demonstrations if the disturb between _______ and ________

Answer 60

Latent Learning performance

Question 61

Tolman believed that introspectively observed thoughts and feelings are _______ in the analysis of behaviour As well almost all of tolmans research was conducted using _____ as subjects

Answer 61

Useless Rats

Question 62

The modern dust study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is known as _______ _________, or _________ _________

Answer 62

Animal cognition Comparative cognition

Question 63

Banduras ___________ __________ theory emphasises the importance of ________ learning and __________ variables

Answer 63

Social learning Observational Cognitive

Question 64

The concept of ______ ________ proposes that three variables: 1) 2) 3) All interact with each other

Answer 64

Reciprocal determinism Environment Behaviour Person

Question 65

Bandit as work has influenced the development of a type of therapy know as ______-_________ therapy in which an attempt is made to change be hour by altering both environmental and cognitive factors

Answer 65

Cognitive behavioural

Question 66

What is social learning theory?

Answer 66

A brand of behaviourism that strongly emphasises the importance if observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behaviour

Question 67

Skinners ________ behaviourism emphasises both internal and external behaviours as resulting from _________ influences

Answer 67

Radical | Environmental

Question 68

Skinned views thoughts and feelings as ________ behaviours that themselves need to be explained These can be also called _________ behaviours

Answer 68

Private Covert

Question 69

In teaching children to label thier thought and feelings parents first have to make ________ about what the child is feeling

Answer 69

Inferences

Question 70

In determining the relationships if thought and feelings to behaviour it is sometimes difficult to know if the interstate event _______' , ________ or occurs ________ to the behaviour

Answer 70

Precedes Follows Parallel

Question 71

Yet another issue with respect to using internal events to explain behaviour is that we _______ directly chance such events

Answer 71

Cannot

Question 72

Saying that you are feeling halo to explain why you are always smiling and laughing is from skinners perspective an example K of using feelings as a ________ explanation for your behaviour

Answer 72

Pseudo

Question 73

Altering the environment so as to control our own behaviour is referred to as _______ control However in skinners view even this type of behaviour is ultimately the result of some type of ________ influence

Answer 73

Counter | Environmental

Question 74

Skinner is most similar to ________ in arguing that behaviour is best viewed from a ________ perspective

Answer 74

Tolman | Molar

Question 75

For skinned an SR interpretation can best be applied to behaviour that is ________ and can be ________ conditioned

Answer 75

Reflexive | Classically

Question 76

SR interpretation cannot be applied to _________ behaviour that is under the control of its _________ and has a more ________ quality about it

Answer 76

Operant Consequences Flexible

Question 77

The Tolmanin rats run through the maze because it ________ that doing so will result in food Tolman was comfortable hypothesising that the existence of a _________ based on __________ inside the animal to help explain the present behaviour

Answer 77

Expects Mental event Past experience

Question 78

The Skinnerain rats run through the maze because such behaviour has ___________ resulted in food Skinner preferred to explain the behaviour by simply _________

Answer 78

In the past Past experience

Question 79

Although he emphasised the role of environment skinner also believed that behaviour was fundamentally the result of the integration between ______ and _______ He was in fact quite interested in evidence indicating _______ limitations on ________ conditioning

Answer 79

Genetics Environment Genetic Operant

Question 80

Skinner believed that the processes of _______ and ________ conditioning were quite similar in that both involved the selection of what was beneficial from what was not beneficial

Answer 80

Evolution Operant

Question 81

On a practical level skinner was _________ about genetic explanation for behaviour because he believed that such explanations tend to be _______ about the possibility of change

Answer 81

Cautious | Pessimistic

Question 82

Skinners philosophy of behaviourism is called _______ behaviourism

Answer 82

Radical Philosophy of behaviour is the set of basic assumptions for how best to conduct a science of behaviour

Question 83

The science that grew out of that hips loops is called the _______ __________ of behaviour or more breifly __________. __________

Answer 83

Experimental analysis is of behaviour Behavioural analysis

Question 84

The technology that has grown out of that science is know as __________. __________ _________

Answer 84

Applied behavioural analysis