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Psychology 100B > Chapter 2 Research Methodology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Research Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

Accuracy

A

The extent to which the experimental measure is free from error

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2
Q

Case Studies

A

A research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations

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3
Q

Central Tendency

A

A measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole

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4
Q

Confound

A

Anything that affects a dependent variable and may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study; A source of error

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5
Q

Control Group

A

A comparison group; the participants in a study that receive no intervention or receive intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated

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6
Q

Correlational Studies

A

A research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them.

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7
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

A research method that compares participants in different groups at the same time

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8
Q

Culturally Sensitive Research

A

Studies that take into account the role that culture plays in determining thoughts, feelings and actions.

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9
Q

Data

A

Objective observations or measurements

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10
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an experiment, the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

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11
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study

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12
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

A research method that involves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals to provide a systematic and objective analysis of the behavior

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13
Q

Directionality Problem

A

A problem encountered in correlational studies; the researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable

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14
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain; wavelength

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15
Q

Experiment

A

A study that tests causal hypotheses by measuring and manipulating variables

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16
Q

Experimental groups

A

Treatment groups; the participants in a study that receive the intervention

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17
Q

Experimenter expectancy effect

A

Actual change in the behavior of the people or nonhuman animals being observed that is due to the expectations of the observer

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18
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized outside the laboratory

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19
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

An imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct

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21
Q

Independent variable

A

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to examine its impact on the dependent variable

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22
Q

Inferential statistics

A

A set of procedures used to make judgements about whether differences actually exist between sets of numbers

23
Q

institutional review boards (IRBs)

A

Groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides the physical and emotional well-being of research participants

24
Q

internal validity

A

The extent to which the data collected in a study address the research hypothesis in the way intended

25
longtitudinal studies
A research method that studies the same participants multiple times over a period of time
26
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A method of brain imaging that produces high-quality images of the brain
27
mean
A measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers
28
median
A measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls exactly halfway between the lowest and highest values.
29
meta-analysis
The "study of studies" that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion
30
mode
A measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score or value in a set of numbers.
31
Naturalistic observation
A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is a passive observer, making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior
32
Observational technique
A research method of careful and systematical assessment and coding of overt behavior
33
Observer bias
Systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer's expectations
34
Participant observation
A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is actively involved in the situation
35
population
Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in
36
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A method of brain imaging that accesses the metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream
37
random assignment
Placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable
38
reactivity
When the knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed
39
reliability
The extent to which a measure is stable and consistent over time in similar conditions
40
Replication
Repetition of an experiment to confirm the results
41
Research
A scientific process that involves the systematic and careful collection of data
42
Response Performance
A research method in which researchers quantify perpetual or cognitive processes in response to a specific stimulus
43
Sample
A subset of a population
44
Scatterplot
A graphical depiction of the relationship between two variables
45
Scientific method
A systematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena (observable things) to answer questions about what happens, when it happens, what causes it and why; involves a dynamic interaction between theories, hypotheses and research
46
Selection Bias
In an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups
47
Self-report methods
Methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves, such as in questionnaires and surveys; has self-report bias
48
Standard deviation
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean
49
Theory
A model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explain what is observed and makes prediction about future events
50
The third variable problem
A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate the variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, the unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest
51
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
The use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions
52
Variability
In a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the value are from each other and from the mean
53
Variable
Something in the world that can vary and that a researcher can measure
54
George is looking for a research project. In doing so, he could formulate and draw on a theory because:
one of the benefits of theories is that they lead to testable hypotheses

Psychology 100B (15 decks)

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