Chapter 12 Social psychology

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

Any behavior that involves the intention to harm someone else. (See page 546)

Question 2

Altruism

Answer 2

The providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so. (See page 552)

Question 3

Attitudes

Answer 3

People’s evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas. (See page 528)

Question 4

Attributions

Answer 4

People’s explanations for why events or actions occur. (See page 516)

Question 5

Bystander intervention effect

Answer 5

The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need. (See page 553)

Question 6

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 6

An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. (See page 530)

Question 7

Compliance

Answer 7

The tendency to agree to do things requested by others. (See page 542)

Question 8

Conformity

Answer 8

The altering of one’s behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people’s expectations. (See page 539)

Question 9

Deindividuation

Answer 9

A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group. (See page 537)

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice. (See page 521)

Question 11

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 11

A theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes. (See page 533)

Question 12

Explicit attitudes

Answer 12

Attitudes that a person can report. (See page 530)

Question 13

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 13

The extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the likelihood that they will act aggressively. (See page 548)

Question 14

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 14

In explaining other people’s behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors. (See page 517)

Question 15

Implicit attitudes

Answer 15

Attitudes that influence a person’s feelings and behavior at an unconscious level. (See page 530)

Question 16

Ingroup favoritism

Answer 16

The tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup. (See page 522)

Question 17

Nonverbal behavior

Answer 17

The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others. (See page 515)

Question 18

Personal attributions

Answer 18

Explanations that refer to people’s internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts. (See page 517)

Question 19

Persuasion

Answer 19

The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message. (See page 532)

Question 20

Prejudice

Answer 20

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype. (See page 521)

Question 21

Prosocial

Answer 21

Tending to benefit others. (See page 552)

Question 22

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 22

People’s tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people’s expectations. (See page 520)

Question 23

Situational attributions

Answer 23

Explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions. (See page 517)

Question 24

Social facilitation

Answer 24

When the mere presence of others enhances performance. (See page 537)

Question 25

Social loafing

Answer 25

The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone. (See page 537)

Question 26

Social norms

Answer 26

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior. (See page 540)