Chapter 10 Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Arousal

Answer 1

Physiological activation (such as increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses (such as increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension). (See page 423)

Question 2

Display rules

Answer 2

Rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations. (See page 434)

Question 3

Drive

Answer 3

A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need. (See page 441)

Question 4

Emotion

Answer 4

Feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs. (See page 422)

Question 5

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 5

Motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed. (See page 444)

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

The tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium. (See page 442)

Question 7

Incentives

Answer 7

External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors. (See page 442)

Question 8

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

Motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose. (See page 444)

Question 9

Motivation

Answer 9

Factors that energize, direct, or sustain behavior. (See page 440)

Question 10

Need

Answer 10

A state of biological or social deficiency. (See page 441)

Question 11

Need hierarchy

Answer 11

Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs. (See page 441)

Question 12

Need to belong theory

Answer 12

The theory that the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes. (See page 448)

Question 13

Primary emotions

Answer 13

Emotions that are evolutionarily adaptive, shared across cultures, and associated with specific physical states; they include anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, and possibly surprise and contempt. (See page 423)

Question 14

Secondary emotions

Answer 14

Blends of primary emotions; they include remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation. (See page 423)

Question 15

Self-actualization

Answer 15

A state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained. (See page 441)

Question 16

Sexual response cycle

Answer 16

A four-stage pattern of physiological and psychological responses during sexual activity. (See page 457)

Question 17

Sexual strategies theory

Answer 17

A theory that maintains that women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies because they faced different adaptive problems over the course of human history. The strategies used by each sex maximize the probability of passing along their genes to future generations. (See page 460)

Question 18

Somatic markers

Answer 18

Bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences. (See page 437)

Question 19

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 19

The psychological principle that performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, after which it decreases with increasing arousal. (See page 443)