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PSYC 2283 - Personality > Chapter 2 - Psychoanalysis > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Psychoanalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?

A

-Sigmund Freud

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2
Q

What was Freud’s greatest accomplishment or idea?

A

-the idea of the unconscious, that determines most of our behaviour

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3
Q

What patient sparked Freud’s interest and belief in the unconscious? What did she have? (2)

A

-Anna O
-hysteria

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4
Q

What does Breuer Propose is the root of hysteria? (2)

A

-past trauma
-they are unconsciously activated

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5
Q

What did Breuer call catharsis?

A

-releasing those pent up feelings, it is the talking cure

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6
Q

What is transference?

A

-it occurs when a client projects feeling or experiences onto the therapist from significant relationships in their life

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7
Q

What is countertransference?

A

-refers to the therapist’s emotional reactions toward the client, which may be influenced by the therapist’s own unconscious feelings or experiences. It can include the therapist’s personal feelings being projected onto the client, based on the therapist’s past relationships.

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8
Q

Is transference and countertransference good or bad? (2)

A

-transference can be good
-countertransference is always bad

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9
Q

What did Charcot do? What did he believe that supported this? (2)

A

-hypnotized people to deal with hysteria
-ideas are unconscious which is why hypnosis works

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10
Q

After Freud went to spend time with Charcot, what did he believe?

A

-that there are powerful mental processes which remain hidden from the consciousness of people

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11
Q

What were the problems with hypnosis that Freud found?

A

-not all patients could be hypnotized and hypnosis didn’t ensure therapeutic success

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12
Q

What were the three instances that helped Freud come up with Free Association? (3)

A

-Frau Emmy: let me tell you what I have to say
-Fraulein von R: Concentration technique brings forth forgotten memories
-Borne: write… everything that comes into your head

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13
Q

What is the concentration technique?

A

-Freud would put his hands around their head and say you will remember this once I release my hands and then would ask them once he removed his hands what is in your head right now

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14
Q

What is free association?

A

-the therapist instructs the patient to say whatever comes into their mind, without censor or editing

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15
Q

What is synonymous with free association?

A

-fundamental rule of psychoanalysis

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16
Q

What are the four techniques Freud developed? (4)

A

-free association
-dream analysis
-freudian slips
-interpretation

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17
Q

What is interpretation?

A

-explain the deeper significance of the patients dreams, thoughts, etc

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18
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

-slip of the tongue that Freud believes is not an accident but rather your unconscious leaking a thought

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19
Q

What happens if someone uses all of Freud’s techniques to the patient? What do you gain? (2)

A

-catharsis: re-experiencing of past feelings
-you gain insight from this

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20
Q

Define resistance. Give an example. (2)

A

-The unconscious defense mechanisms a person uses to avoid confronting uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, or memories during therapy.
-This might manifest as missing sessions or avoiding certain topics.

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21
Q

Define repression.

A

-An unconscious process where the mind pushes distressing or threatening thoughts, memories, or feelings out of conscious awareness to protect the individual from anxiety or guilt.

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22
Q

Define suppression.

A

-A conscious effort to push unwanted thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of awareness. Unlike repression, suppression is deliberate.

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23
Q

Define conflict

A

-unresolved early childhood or later conflicts that get repressed

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24
Q

What are the three forms of the dynamic unconscious?

A

-conscious, preconscious, unconscious

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25
Q

What is the seduction theory?

A

-a parent abused the child when they were young and forgot about it and in maturity it is remembered

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26
Q

What three things are a part of Freud’s childhood sexuality theory?

A

-libido
-erogenous zones of the body
-oedpius complex

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27
Q

What did Freud say was libido?

A

-sexual drive and energy, though he amended this to become psychic energy

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28
Q

What did Freud think about erogenous zones?

A

-they change as the person develops, like a baby puts things in its mouth etc

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29
Q

What is the Oedipus complex? When does it develop? What does it cause and when is it resolved? What about the superego? (4)

A

-during the phallic stage, boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother and view their father as a rival for her affection. They also are traumatized when they realize girls do not have penises and believe that they have been castrated
-These feelings can create anxiety in the child, particularly the fear of punishment from the father (often referred to as castration anxiety).
-The complex is resolved when the boy represses these desires and begins to identify with his father, internalizing the father’s values and norms, which helps develop the boy’s masculine identity.
-develop superego

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30
Q

What is the Electra complex Describe the steps that it occurs. What about the superego? (5)

A

-starts with Penis envy when little girls notice that they do not have a penis, though for girls they think they have already been castrated
-they blame their mother for the loss of the penis and develop feelings of inferiority from mother
-they turn to their fathers for love and reassurance and become submissive and loveable
-the desire for a penis doesn’t go away and instead becomes a pregnancy want and they want a boy
-they do not develop superego’s

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31
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of personality development? (5)

A

Oral: mouth, conflict is weaning
Anal: anus, toilet training
Phallic: genitals, attraction to opposite sex
Latency: no erogenous zone, repression of sexual impulses; identify with same-sex parent
Genital: genitals, establishing mature sexual relations and emotional intimacy

32
Q

What are the related concepts to the psychosexual stages? (6)

A

-libido
-erogenous zones
-oedipus complex
-electra complex
-fixation
-regression

33
Q

What are the 3 components of Freud’s personality theory?

A

-Id, Ego and Superego

34
Q

What is the Id? Das Es

A

-unconscious, it seeks pleasure and avoids pain, aims for immediate gratification

35
Q

Which levels is the ego in? What does it do? What does it aim for? Das Ich (3)

A

-conscious, preconscious and unconscious
-adapt to reality while controlling the id and superego
-aims for safety, compromise and delayed gratification

36
Q

What does the super ego represent? What levels is it on? What characteristic and aims describe it? Das über-Ich (4)

A

-represents societal and parental aspect (societal and cultural teaching)
-on the conscious, preconscious and unconscious
-moralistic and idealistic, represents right from wrong
-aims for perfection

37
Q

What does anxiety result from?

A

-when the ego feels its weakness in dealing with its internal and external threats

38
Q

What are the three types of anxiety?

A

-realistic, neurotic and moral

39
Q

What is realistic anxiety?

A

-real threats and fear of the external world (but these are real fears)

40
Q

What is neurotic anxiety?

A

-results when the ego is afraid that the Id will go and do something bad

41
Q

What is moral anxiety?

A

-when the ego is afraid it cannot live up to the superegos demands (guilt)

42
Q

How will you relieve your anxiety according to Freud?

A

-defense mechanisms

43
Q

What are the defence mechanisms with the understanding that repression underlies each of these? (9)

A

-displacement
-introjection
-intellectualization
-repression
-reaction-formation
-regression
-rationalization
-projection
-sublimation

44
Q

What is fixation?

A

-you’re stuck in a psychosexual stage that you cannot get past

45
Q

What is reaction formation, an example? (2)

A

-doing the opposite of what reality is
-pretending to hate someone when you actually love them

46
Q

What is displacement? Example? (2)

A

-taking out your feelings on someone who didn’t cause them, the person you take it out on is safer
-like your boss is mean to you and you take it out on your partner

47
Q

What is regression? Example?

A

-falling back to an earlier stage of psychosexual development
-Imagine an adult who is facing a lot of pressure at work. Instead of dealing with the stress in a mature way, they might start throwing temper tantrums, sulking, or seeking comfort in things they enjoyed as a child

48
Q

What is projection? Example? (2)

A

-when you take your own fears or anxiety or worries and project it onto someone else
-like you’re cheating and you accuse your partner of cheating

49
Q

What is intellectualization? Example? (2)

A

-detaching from uncomfortable situations by thinking or speaking about them in abstract terms
-Suppose someone receives a serious medical diagnosis. Instead of feeling fear or sadness, they might start researching the medical details, statistics, and treatment options extensively.

50
Q

What is rationalization? Example? (2)

A

-where a person justifies or explains their behavior or feelings in a seemingly logical way to avoid the true, often uncomfortable, reasons behind them.
-if someone fails an exam they may say the exam was too hard and the questions were unfair

51
Q

What is introjection? Example? (2)

A

-a person internalizes the beliefs, values, or feelings of others, often to cope with anxiety or to align with someone significant.
-A child who grows up in a family where academic success is highly valued might internalize this belief and strive for high grades, even if they don’t personally care about school.

52
Q

What is sublimation? Example? (2)

A

-undesirable or socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behaviors.
Example: Someone with aggressive tendencies might take up a sport like boxing or martial arts.

53
Q

Someone who would be described as a pleasure-seeking person would have what ratio of Id, ego and superego?

A

-big Id, medium ego and small superego

54
Q

Someone who is described as guilt-ridden or inferior feeling person would have what ratio of id, ego and superego?

A

-large superego, medium id and small ego

55
Q

Someone who is psychologically healthy would have what ratio of the id, ego and superego?

A

-large ego, both id and superego are the same size

56
Q

What is the structure of psychodynamic personality theory? (2)

A

-id-ego-superego
-unconscious conflict

57
Q

What is the developmental aspect of the psychodynamic personality theory?

A

-psychosexual stages

58
Q

What is the disordering aspect of the psychodynamic personality theory? (2)

A

-anxiety from repressed conflicts
-neurotic use or overuse of defence mechanisms

59
Q

What is Freud’s instinct or drive theory?

A

-according to Freud, we are governed by two main instincts; the death instinct (Thanatos) and the eros instinct (libidos) and they work against each other, they are the two main instincts that motivated humans and we are doomed to be disturbed by this conflict for our entire lives

60
Q

What is the death or Thanatos instinct?

A

-we are motivated by aggression and self-destruction

61
Q

What is the eros or libidos instinct?

A

-we are motivated by sexual urges, but this is often sublimated into motivations to live and be with other people

62
Q

What are the two purposes of civilization according to Freud?

A

-physical protection
-social control

63
Q

What are the types of social control? What is the goal? (2)

A

-law, religion and culture
-control aggression

64
Q

What are the means of social control? The results? (2)

A

Means: repression of aggression and sublimation of sexuality
Results: social order and “tragic existence”

65
Q

What is the ‘tragic existence?”

A

-Freud believed it was impossible for a civilized humanity to ever be happy and that humans were inherently flawed/diseased and that this would never change

66
Q

What did Freud think about religion? (4)

A

It is for:
-social control
-regression
-an illusion
-an obsessional neurosis

67
Q

Describe how religion is an obsessional neurosis?

A

-the obsession is guilt from father hatred and this causes a compulsion to go to religious ritual

68
Q

What are four critiques of Freud’s theory of religion? (4)

A

-unscientific
-reductionistic
-egocentric
-sexist

69
Q

Who are the Neo-freudians? (4)

A

-alfred adler
-carl jung
-karen horney
-erik erikson

70
Q

How well does psychoanalysis generate research?

A

-moderate research

71
Q

Does psychoanalysis allow falsifiability?

A

-yes, very much so

72
Q

How well is psychoanalysis on organizing human knowledge?

A

-moderate to high because a lot of human experience can be expressed through this theory

73
Q

How much does psychoanalysis guide practical action?

A

-moderately, can be applied widely

74
Q

How well does psychoanalysis maintain internal consistency?

A

-very well

75
Q

How well does psychoanalysis maintain parsimony?

A

-moderately-high, it is complicated but he has presented it in a very easy way to understand

76
Q

Explain how the id, ego and superego fit with defence mechanisms, conflict and anxiety.

A

-The id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict, managed through defense mechanisms and the development of anxiety.

77
Q

How do defence mechanisms relate to the ego?

A

-the ego uses these mechanisms to manage conflicts between the id, superego, and external reality.

PSYC 2283 - Personality (10 decks)

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