Chapter 2 (pg. 33-63) pt. 3

Question 1

According to social process theories, what are the major risk factors for criminal behavior?

Answer 1

1) peer group pressure
2) family problems
3) poor school performance
4) stigmatization processes
5) learning of pro and anti crime values

Question 2

What are the first 5 propositions of the 9 basic propositions of Differential Association Theory?

Answer 2

1) criminal behavior is learned
2) criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others in a process of communication
3) the principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs with intimate personal groups
4) when criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes: committing the crime and specific directions
5) the specific direction of the motives and drives in learned from definitions of the legal code as favorable or unfavorable

Question 3

What are the last 4 propositions of the 9 basic propositions of Differential Association Theory?

Answer 3

6) delinquincy because of an excess of definitons favorable to violations of the law over definitons unfavorable to violation of the law
7) differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
8) criminal behavior by associations is the same mechansims in any other learning
9) criminal behavior is not explained by those general needs and values

Question 4

According to Differential Association Theory, people learn criminal and conventional behavior through their active participation in a process of _____________

Answer 4

communication

Question 5

The fundamental cause of criminal behavior is, according to Differential Association Theory, is _________ _________

Answer 5

cultural conflict

Question 6

What are the primary techniques of neutralization?

Answer 6

1) denial of responsiblity
2) denial of injury
3) denial of victim
4) condemn the condemers
5) appeal to a higher loyalty

Question 7

According to ______ _____ theory human naturre is inherently evil

Answer 7

Social Bond

Question 8

According to social bond theory, whar are the major bonds that control these natural predispositions?

Answer 8

1) attachments
2) commitments
3) involvement
4) beliefs

Question 9

According to “general theory of crime”, what are the 2 types of contol systems that regulate human behavior?

Answer 9

1) social controls

2) self-control

Question 10

What is the difference between social controls and self-control?

Answer 10

social controls- primarily external; affect early socialization processes that leads to one’s self-control

self-control- primarily internal

Question 11

_______ _____ is based on the idea that formal social control efforts may actually do more harm than good

Answer 11

Labeling Theory

Question 12

What is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Answer 12

primary deviance- the onset of criminal behavior

secondary deviance- subsequent criminal acts that occur after formal social control efforts for the primary deviance

Question 13

“_____ ______” perspective has its intellectual arguing in the work of symbolic interactionists and social ecologists

Answer 13

“Crime Event”

Question 14

“Crime Event” perspective has its intellectual arguing in the work of _______ ___________ and ______ _________

Answer 14

symbolic interactionists

social ecologists

Question 15

_________ ___________ _________, emphasize how the opportuntiy for criminal acts is generated by the particular characteristics of the persons, places, and situation underlying crime

Answer 15

Criminal Opportuntiy Theories

Question 16

What are the 3 necessary elements of predatory offenses?

Answer 16

1) exposure
2) suitable targets
3) absence of guardianship

Question 17

What is the difference between social guardianship and physical guardianship?

Answer 17

social guardianship- having other people around who may prevent crime, either with their presence or warding off attacks
physical guardianship- includes various types of target-hardening activities, and participation in collective activities