Chapter 1 Pt. 2

Question 1

What is the primary victimization survey in the U.S.?

Answer 1

national crime victimization surveys (NCVS)

Question 2

NCVS has been ______ since mid 1970s

Answer 2

yearly

Question 3

The major problems with the NCVS survey for accurately representing national rates of victimization include?

Answer 3

1) particular groups of people who have high risks of personal victimization are not included in these surveys
2) changes in the particular wording of screening questions affect how people report
3) crimes committed by acquaintances and family members are under reported in victimization surveys
4) NCVS data seriously undercount the prevalence of repeated victimization that occur on a regular basis

Question 4

True or False: we have definitive data that shows that crime has increased or decreased in America over the last 50 years

Answer 4

False; we don’t know

Question 5

what is triangulation?

Answer 5

combine the results of UCR, self-report, and victimization surveys to uncover crime patterns across all 3 data sources

Question 6

Triangulation reveals which conclusions?

Answer 6

police apprehend and clear by an arrest only a small propotion of offenders

Question 7

True or False: crime is a commonplace event in contemporary american society

Answer 7

true

Question 8

all social classes commit crime, but the type of criminal behavior often varies by ______ _____

Answer 8

social class

Question 9

males engage in crime more than females but this gender gap is narrowing for ____-_______ crimes

Answer 9

non-violent

Question 10

True or False: the U.S. crime rate over the last 2 decades has probably been more stable than is shown by UCR data and claimed by various media outlets

Answer 10

true

Question 11

young people are most likely ______ and _________ of predatory crimes

Answer 11

victims

offenders

Question 12

Clearance rate is higher for _______ ______ than property crimes

Answer 12

violent crimes

Question 13

A ______ involves a set of interelated propositions that are used to explain what we observe

Answer 13

theory

Question 14

________ ___ _____ ______, explain why a particular incident occurred at a particular place and time

Answer 14

Theories of crime events

Question 15

What is criminality?

Answer 15

recurrent patterns of one’s criminal propensity

Question 16

____________ _____ __________- how to make your property less attractive, accessible, available, and portable for potential offenders

Answer 16

situational crime prevention

Question 17

What are the 3 dominant paradigms (schools of crime)?

Answer 17

1) classical school
2) positive school
3) radical/conflict school

Question 18

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this:  
human behavior is produced by free will and rational choice

Answer 18

classical school

Question 19

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this:  
human behavior is guided by the pursuit fo pleasure and the avoidance of pain

Answer 19

classical school

Question 20

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this:  
solution to crime under the classical school is to design s system of swift, certiain, and severe punishments

Answer 20

classical school

Question 21

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this:  
foundation for people like Charles Darwin and cesare lombroso

Answer 21

positive school

Question 22

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this:  
hard determinism vs soft determinism

Answer 22

positive school

Question 23

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this:  
focus on the identification of particular risk factos, traits, and/or attributes that distinguish criminals from non-criminals

Answer 23

positive school

Question 24

Which paradigms (schools of crime) was the dominant paradigm for most of the 20th century?

Answer 24

positive school

Question 25

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this: 
focuses on the relationship between crime and the wider structure of a society

Answer 25

radical/conflict school

Question 26

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this: 
crime as an inevitable consequence of the unequal distribution of power and wealth in class-based societies

Answer 26

radical/conflict school

Question 27

Which paradigms (schools of crime) is this: 
social reality of crime is socially constructed to legitimize the predatory acts of the powerful and criminalize these same actions by lower class members

Answer 27

radical/conflict school

Question 28

What are the 5 statements regarding rational choice theory (under classical school)?

Answer 28

1) all people have problems and we have the free will to seek out either conventional or illegal solutions to these problems
2) criminal solutions over conventional solutions because less effort/skill and more immediate rewards
3) choice of criminal solutions to one’s problems may be controlled by the threat of societal reaction (punishmen t)
4) more swift, certain, and severe the punishment more deterrance
5) most effective method of crime control is punishment of a significant magnitude

Question 29

Modern classical theory is also known as “____-________”

Answer 29

neo-classical

Question 30

______ _______ ______ thought because it recognizes punishment fits the crime, but also allows for special circumstances of the offender

Answer 30

modern classical theory

Question 31

What are some major criticisms of classical criminology?

Answer 31

1) failure to recognize that there is some type of “determinism” underlying our behavior
2) the failure to recognize the possibility that committing crime is a rational response for those who have limited economic opportunties

Question 32

What are typologies?

Answer 32

classification systems

Question 33

________ is based on the assumption that criminal propensities can be controlled by swift, certain, and severe punishment

Answer 33

deterrence

Question 34

____________ involves the physical restraint of offenders through jail and imprisonment

Answer 34

incapacitation

Question 35

___________ _______ ___________ (_____) strategies suggests that greater efforts be undertaken by citizens to reduce thier risks of criminal victimization by changing their routine activities and lifestyles

Answer 35

situational crime prevention (SCP)

Question 36

Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) is used to?

Answer 36

1) reduce their exposure to risky andn dangerous situations
2) decreased their visibility, accessiblity, and attractiveness as a crime target
3) increase their protection or social guardianship through the possession of guns, greater security of their property from unlawful entry, and by going into public places with others