Chapter 2 (pg. 33-63) pt. 2

Question 1

What are the 2 units of analysis when it comes to sociological theories?

Answer 1

1) Macro-level

2) Micro-level

Question 2

Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:

focus on explaining crime rates across geographical units

Answer 2

Macro-level

Question 3

Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:

emphasize how social structural conditions in the wider society determine various types of human behavior

Answer 3

Macro-level

Question 4

Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:

emphasize how individuals criminal behavior is produced by the social psychological interactions with other people

Answer 4

Micro-level

Question 5

Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:

social process theories

Answer 5

Micro-level

Question 6

Social Process Theories include the following subtypes:

Answer 6

1) Social Learning Approaches
2) Control Theories
3) Interactionist/ Labeling Theories

Question 7

What sociological theories are under the macro level?

Answer 7

1) social structural theories

2) Conflict theories

Question 8

Which sociological theories are under social structural theories?

Answer 8

1) social disorganization theory
2) anomie theory
3) differential opportunity theory

Question 9

Which sociological theories are under conflict theories?

Answer 9

1) Instrumental and Structural Marxism
2) Radical Feminism
3) Power-Control Theories

Question 10

Crime event perspective, criminal acts require the convergence of 3 necessary conditions in time and space. What are they?

Answer 10

1) a motivated offender
2) a suitable target or victim
3) a facilitating context for this act to occur

Question 11

The 3 conditions necessary for crime event perspective create “_______ _________ ________”

Answer 11

“criminal opportunity theories”

Question 12

According to social structural theories, the fundamental cause of crime is _________ ________

Answer 12

cultural conflict

Question 13

Which social structural theories attribute crime to cultural conflict or distinct values among different social groups?

Answer 13

1) social disorganization theory
2) “focal concerns”
3) “subculture of violence”

Question 14

Which social structural theories assume value sonsensus?

Answer 14

1) Anomie theory

2) Differential Opportunity Theory

Question 15

According to ______ ___________ _____, crime is located within particular geographical areas

Answer 15

social disorganiztion theory

Question 16

Acording to social disorganiztion theory, crime is located in what 3 areas?

Answer 16

1) high population mobility
2) low socio-economic opportunties
3) racial/ethnic diversity

Question 17

What are the suggested solution under social disorganiztion theory?

Answer 17

1) community outreach activities
2) job fairs
3) improved educational services
4) enhance community pride and social integration within these neighorhoods

Question 18

According to Concentric Zone Hypothesis, aka zonal hypothesis, list the zones from the center to the outer zone.

Answer 18

1) Central Business District (CBD)
2) Zone in Transition (ZIT)
3) Multi-Unit Dwellings
4) Single Unit Dwellings
5) Commuter Zones

Question 19

Describe the Central Business District (CBD).

Answer 19

major businesses

Question 20

Describe the Zone in Transition (ZIT).

Answer 20

• industrial/factory district
• decaying building and buildings o nthe verge of demolition when CBD expands
• slums
• high land value & low poverty value

Question 21

Why do so many poor people live in the Zone in Transition (ZIT)?

Answer 21

1) cheap rent

2) minimal travel to CBD workforce

Question 22

Describe the Commuter Zones.

Answer 22

“estate lot housing” and upper class

Question 23

The ZIT is a natural area for crime and other types of deviance because?

Answer 23

1) it’s close to the CBD
2) the ZIT is where most socially disadvantaged individuals live and where police only loosly patrol
3) the ZIT is characterized by social disorganization

Question 24

Which zone has the highest crime?

Answer 24

ZIT

Question 25

List the “focal concerns” of lower class boys.

Answer 25

1) toughness
2) trouble
3) smartness
4) excitement
5) fate
6) autonomy

Question 26

What is one critique of “focal concerns”?

Answer 26

both middle and upper class boys AND girls tend to value these same things

Question 27

__________ ________ is an expression of subcultural norms and values

Answer 27

Interpersonal violence

Question 28

Under the subculture of violence, there’s a prresumed way of life and value system, in which violence is an __________, __________, and an even ___________ means of settling disputes

Answer 28

expected
tolerated
demanded

Question 29

______- contradiction between the cultural message and the social structure of society

Answer 29

Anomie

Question 30

What are the various modes of adaption to this anomic friction?

Answer 30

1) conformity
2) innovation
3) ritualism
4) retreatism
5) rebellion

Question 31

Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:

acceptance of both goals/mains

Answer 31

conformity

Question 32

Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:

the acceptance of the goal of success but rejection of legit means of achieving it

Answer 32

innovation

Question 33

Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:

the rejection of the goals but the acceptance of the normative means

Answer 33

ritualism

Question 34

Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:

the rejection of both goals and means

Answer 34

retreatism

Question 35

Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:

replacing the goals and means with new ones

Answer 35

rebellion

Question 36

According to differential opportunity theory, illegitimate means are also _________

Answer 36

stratified

Question 37

What are the 3 types of gangs under the differential opportunity theory?

Answer 37

1) criminal gangs
2) conflict gangs
3) retreatist gangs

Question 38

What is the difference between criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and retreatist gangs?

Answer 38

criminal gangs- monetary gain through organized criminal activiites; recruited for particular skills
conflict gangs- small numer of people have access as enforcers; very limited
retreatist gangs- “double losers”