Chapter 2 (pg. 33-63) pt. 2 Flashcards
What are the 2 units of analysis when it comes to sociological theories?
1) Macro-level
2) Micro-level
Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:
focus on explaining crime rates across geographical units
Macro-level
Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:
emphasize how social structural conditions in the wider society determine various types of human behavior
Macro-level
Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:
emphasize how individuals criminal behavior is produced by the social psychological interactions with other people
Micro-level
Is this Macro-level or Micro-level:
social process theories
Micro-level
Social Process Theories include the following subtypes:
1) Social Learning Approaches
2) Control Theories
3) Interactionist/ Labeling Theories
What sociological theories are under the macro level?
1) social structural theories
2) Conflict theories
Which sociological theories are under social structural theories?
1) social disorganization theory
2) anomie theory
3) differential opportunity theory
Which sociological theories are under conflict theories?
1) Instrumental and Structural Marxism
2) Radical Feminism
3) Power-Control Theories
Crime event perspective, criminal acts require the convergence of 3 necessary conditions in time and space. What are they?
1) a motivated offender
2) a suitable target or victim
3) a facilitating context for this act to occur
The 3 conditions necessary for crime event perspective create “_______ _________ ________”
“criminal opportunity theories”
According to social structural theories, the fundamental cause of crime is _________ ________
cultural conflict
Which social structural theories attribute crime to cultural conflict or distinct values among different social groups?
1) social disorganization theory
2) “focal concerns”
3) “subculture of violence”
Which social structural theories assume value sonsensus?
1) Anomie theory
2) Differential Opportunity Theory
According to ______ ___________ _____, crime is located within particular geographical areas
social disorganiztion theory
Acording to social disorganiztion theory, crime is located in what 3 areas?
1) high population mobility
2) low socio-economic opportunties
3) racial/ethnic diversity
What are the suggested solution under social disorganiztion theory?
1) community outreach activities
2) job fairs
3) improved educational services
4) enhance community pride and social integration within these neighorhoods
According to Concentric Zone Hypothesis, aka zonal hypothesis, list the zones from the center to the outer zone.
1) Central Business District (CBD)
2) Zone in Transition (ZIT)
3) Multi-Unit Dwellings
4) Single Unit Dwellings
5) Commuter Zones
Describe the Central Business District (CBD).
major businesses
Describe the Zone in Transition (ZIT).
- industrial/factory district
- decaying building and buildings o nthe verge of demolition when CBD expands
- slums
- high land value & low poverty value
Why do so many poor people live in the Zone in Transition (ZIT)?
1) cheap rent
2) minimal travel to CBD workforce
Describe the Commuter Zones.
“estate lot housing” and upper class
The ZIT is a natural area for crime and other types of deviance because?
1) it’s close to the CBD
2) the ZIT is where most socially disadvantaged individuals live and where police only loosly patrol
3) the ZIT is characterized by social disorganization
Which zone has the highest crime?
ZIT
List the “focal concerns” of lower class boys.
1) toughness
2) trouble
3) smartness
4) excitement
5) fate
6) autonomy
What is one critique of “focal concerns”?
both middle and upper class boys AND girls tend to value these same things
__________ ________ is an expression of subcultural norms and values
Interpersonal violence
Under the subculture of violence, there’s a prresumed way of life and value system, in which violence is an __________, __________, and an even ___________ means of settling disputes
expected
tolerated
demanded
______- contradiction between the cultural message and the social structure of society
Anomie
What are the various modes of adaption to this anomic friction?
1) conformity
2) innovation
3) ritualism
4) retreatism
5) rebellion
Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:
acceptance of both goals/mains
conformity
Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:
the acceptance of the goal of success but rejection of legit means of achieving it
innovation
Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:
the rejection of the goals but the acceptance of the normative means
ritualism
Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:
the rejection of both goals and means
retreatism
Which mode of adaption to anomic friction is this:
replacing the goals and means with new ones
rebellion
According to differential opportunity theory, illegitimate means are also _________
stratified
What are the 3 types of gangs under the differential opportunity theory?
1) criminal gangs
2) conflict gangs
3) retreatist gangs
What is the difference between criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and retreatist gangs?
criminal gangs- monetary gain through organized criminal activiites; recruited for particular skills
conflict gangs- small numer of people have access as enforcers; very limited
retreatist gangs- “double losers”
