Chapter 2- Perception Flashcards
Perceiving Ourselves(Self Concept)
self concept- set of relatively stable perceptions each one of us holds about ourselves
includes concept of what makes us similar and different from each other
includes image of our appearance, emotional status, talent, likes/dislikes, values, and ideas
central point of reference in communication
(one of 4 reasons why we communicate)
Impression Management(8 bullet points)
communication strategies individuals use in order to change how others view them
private self(everything that makes you you)
public self(what you decide to show to people)
perceived self- reflection of self concept, who we are in moments of honest self reflection
presenting self- public image, way we want to appear to others
self disclosure- process of revealing info about ourselves that others wouldn’t know(reasons- develop relationships, gain self knowledge, correct misconceptions, elect reassurance. create impressions)
act of face- manage impression through our socially approved identity
acts of face won’t- way we act to maintain our presenting image and image of others
Attribution- 8 bullet points
process of attaching meaning to behavior
helps make sense of what we perceive and allows us to impose order and logic, better understand possible causes of behavior, make predictions
errors(everything below)
egocentrism(self serving bias)- congratulates ourselves when we achieve something, but blame situations and not ourselves when we fail, unlikely to learn new skills or knowledge, kindly interpret our behavior but criticize others
emphasizing negative traits and impressions
belief people get what they deserve
any of the “isms”
denying someone reasonable doubt(assuming someone is mean when they could have had a bad day) have to pay some attention to situational causes
culture- provides perceptual filter(what wave means), provides structure for interpretation, relationship and interaction rules
improving attribution- use empathy, recognize your self(what you bring), delay forming conclusions, avoid stereotypes, check your perceptions(non judgmental description of behavior, 2 possible interpretations for behavior, request to see if interpretation is correct)
Empathy vs Sympathy- 6 bullet points
empathy- putting yourself in their shoe’s
3 dimensions of empathy
1. perspective taking- see how others see, take their viewpoint
2. emotional understanding- participate in feelings of others, experience what they experience
3. concern for others- care what happens to them
sympathy- feeling compassion for someone else’s problem
can improve attribution by using empathy
Schemas 4 bullet points
mental frameworks that create meaningful patterns from stimuli
prototype- most representative or best example of something(ideal date, boss, movie, etc) will be different from someone else’s
stereotype- generalization about a group of people, doesn’t matter if they’re correct or not as they change perception
script- predictable sequence of events that indicates what we are expected to do in a situation(like being handed a menu at a restaurant as you know what to do), allows us to behave without thinking
Self Disclosure- 7 bullet points
communicates perception of self after determining your self concept and self esteem
process of purposely revealing to others personal info that is significant
purposeful, not accidental
constructive goals- critical to developing relationships, gains self knowledge/awareness(can cause you to revaluate your self concept), correct misconceptions, elicit reassurance, check our public self with our private self
counterproductive goals: manipulating(“ill tell if you tell”), spur of the moment confessions(can damage relationship)
appropriate self disclosure- trust(keeping secrets), reciprocal self disclosure(demonstrates trust and risk taking are shared, one way self disclosure leaves you vulnerable),consider context and audience, disclose information slowly
Perception of Others- 3 bullet points
thin slicing- first impressions(mannerisms, appearance) are only accurate with observation
primacy effect- more influenced by initial information over information gained later, acts as filter, can make effort to consider more information about the person once you realize
negativity bias- more influenced by negative info than positive info
Self Fulfilling Prophecy- 2 bullet points
act on a wrong expectation that produces that expectation and confirms original impression(seeing a someone as unfriendly, doing very little to befriend them and they are “unfriendly”)
make inaccurate stereotypes appear valid
Competent Communication- 3 bullet points
confront and contradict stereotypes
contact theory- communicating with members of a stereotyped group diminishes stereotypes seen in that group
conditions for contact theory- not superficial, status differences aren’t emphasized, relatively equal, and have a shared superordinate goal(common and valued goal that requires mutual effort to achieve)
