Chapter 2: Emotion, Motivation, and the Nature of Wellbeing Flashcards
There has been more study on _ emotions.
Negative.
What was the original research view of positive emotions?
Only hedonic (pleasure)
Alice Isen first studied _ emotions and found that when positive, humans will _ each other more and are better at -.
Positive
Help
Problem-Solving
Why do we help people and are better at problem-solving when happy?
There is increased flexibility in thinking.
What are Eckmans seven basic emotions?
Anger, sadness, disgust, contempt, happiness, fear, surprise
Positive and negative emotions are _.
Independent
What are Russells & Feldman’s core affect?
Our unique blend of the pleasant/unpleasant and the activated and deactivated dimensions that we carry with us almost unconsciously (baseline for us).
Where does core affect come from?
Biological, cognitive, behavioural, sociocultural influences
What are the dimensions of affect?
Pleasure and arousal
What are the barriers of our awareness to emotions (3)?
1) emotions discounted by others
2) Confuse thoughts and emotions
3) Lack vocab for how we feel
We often _, when our thoughts hijack our emotions.
Ruminate
Where is the happy brain?
Left prefrontal cortex, reward system
What can the advanced left prefrontal cortex do?(2)
1) Recover from and suppress negative emotions
2) Buddhist meditators show increased activation in the PFC
_ is partly associated with the prefrontal cortex.
Addiction
What is the body’s natural opiate?
Endorphins
What does oxytocin do?
Love, bonding, breastfeeding
What is the bliss molecule?
Anandamide, which binds to cannabinoid receptors and calms us
Meditation can cause _ of brain areas.
Growth
What matter increases in size in the brain with learning music and meditation?
Gray
What are the genetics of emotions?
They are 30-50% of variation
How much can family, environment and learning impact wellbeing?
22% of positive and 2% of negative
_% of positive emotionality
_% of negative emotionality
_% of overall well-being
is due to genetic influences
40
44
48
_% of positive emotionality
_% of negative emotionality
is due to environment and learning
22
2
Changing negative _ styles can change how we feel.
Thinking
What Is realistic optimism and what can it do? What can it also be called?
Optimism but with intention
It can change daily emotions
Learned optimism
What is mindfulness?
Paying attention, on purpose, without judgement, to thoughts feelings and sensations in the present moment
What did Zimbardo and Boyd’s model focus on?
How time can influence our thinking and happiness.
What are the 6 types that influence our happiness in Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Past-negative
Past-positive
Present-hedonistic
Present-fatalistic
Future-oriented
Transcendental-future
What is the past-negative type of Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Past in negative light, ruminate
What is the past-positive type of Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Nostalgia, ignore good in moment, ethan
What is the present-hedonistic type of Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Maximize pleasure now, care little about consequences
What is the present-fatalistic type of Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
powerless, can’t change present, no hope, Robert
What is the future-oriented type of Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Ambitious, ignore now, sense of urgency though, emma
What is the transcendental-future type of Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Leave mark after they die
What measures Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory
What are the advantages of being future-focused in Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Better at delaying gratification and working towards long-term goals
What are the advantages of being Present-focused in Zimbardo and Boyd’s model?
Better at living in the present, better satisfaction, ignore future goals
What is the best way to be in Boyd and Zimbardo’s model?
Balanced, not too past present or future-focused.
What did Zimbardo and Boyd find that produced wellbeing?
Living the month like it was your last, but may not be sustainable
How can behaviour influence how we feel?(3)
Embodied cognition, facial feedback, positive practices
What is embodied cognition?
The body interacts with the environment to contribute to cognition. We can choose how we react to an environment that influences our cognition
What is the facial feedback hypothesis? What is an example of this?
Smiling creates happy. people with botox cant frown which can reduce depression
What do positive practices lead to? List examples.
More positive emotions. Gratitude, complimenting others, connection
What is the difference between character and virtues?
How you conduct yourself as a member of society (general) vs. your specific social strengths (specific)
Strengths and virtues are _ for handling stress.
Tools
What is the Clifton Strengthsfinder? How many themes and headings?
Quiz that looks at 34 themes under 4 headings
What are the four headings and ideas of the Clifton StrengthsFinder?SIRE
Executing (responsibility, discipline ect.), influencing (command, self-assurance, woo), Relationship building (adaptibility, empathy, developer), strategic thinking (ideation, learner, context)
What are our most important strengths called for the Clifton StrengthsFinder?
Signature strengths
What is the difference with the Clifton Youth StrengthsExplorer?(How many themes, age and what extra ressources)
10 Talent Themes
Online for 10-14 year olds (2006)
Workbook and parent educator book
There is no _ classification system for strengths.
Universal…Yet
What are the three main classification of strengths models?
Clifton StrengthsFinder (Gallup themes of talent)
Values in action (VIA) classification of strengths
Search Institutes 40 developmental assets
What are external assets? What are internal assets?
Assets outside of the child that help them grow well
What are the 8 categories from the Search Institute 40 developmental assets?SEEC CVSI
Support, Empowerment, expectations, and constructive use of time. Commitment to learning, values, social , identity
How many character strengths did the VIA_IS find?
24
What are the 6 VIA-IS groups?WCH JTT
Wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence.
How does the VIA scale define wisdom?
Creativity, love of learning, open-mindedness, perspective.
How does the VIA scale define courage?
Honesty, persistance,zest
How does the VIA scale define justice?
Fairness, leadership, teamwork
How does the VIA scale define temperance?
Foregiveness, modesty, prudence, self-reg
How does the VIA scale define transcendence?
appreciate beauty, gratitude, humour, religiousness
The VIA is psychometrically sound, as in it has _ and _.
Reliability and validity
The VIA strengths can _ over time.
Change
What is intrinsic motivation? Is it autonomous or controlled?
Engagement in activity for its own sake. Autonomous
What is extrinsic motivation? Is it autonomous or controlled?
Engagement to gain external reward. Controlled
What are approach and avoidance goals?
Approach-Move towards (money)
Avoidance- Avoid difficulties (job)
What are personal strivings?
Smaller abstract goals.
What are extrinsic strivings?
Done for the sake of extrinsic rewards (money)
What are introjected strivings?
Done by the perceived obligation to others. Married because of pregnancy
What are identified strivings?
Pursuit of a goal others say is important. marriage
What are intrinsic strivings?
Personally meaningful.Ex. special O
What is the main part of hope theory? Describe.
Pathways: I have resources and ways to reach my goals
Agency: I have the self power to reach my goals
What is the benefit of being hopeful?
Feel more positive emotions
Hope predicts _ performance, _ performance, _ health and _ outcomes.
Academic, sports, physical, psychotherapy
What is the most common theory of well-being?
Broaden and build model.
What does the broaden and build model explain?
Positive emotions give us non-specific thought-action tendencies, unlike negative emotions (broaden)
We use this time to do whatever we want in order to build upon our ressources which leads to more positive emotions
What is the engagement view of wellbeing?
Well-being is how absorbed we are in daily life.
What did Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi find out about?
Flow states: period of intense concentration, ignore self, intrinsic rewards, distorted time.Need to match challenge and skills.
What are the three main parts of self-determination theory?CRA
Competence, relatedness and autonomy
What is competence in SDT?
Effective at dealing with environment
What is autonomy in SDT?
Control over one’s life course
What is relatedness in SDT?
Feeling like you are supported and have people, close relationships/
What were Carol Ryff’s Facets of Psychological wellbeing?SPR APE
Self-acceptance
Personal growth
Positive relationships
Autonomy
Purpose in life
Environmental mastery
