Chapter 2: Diversity (from simple to complex)

Question 1

How are viruses different from prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

-They (viruses) are dependant on the internal physiology of cells
-They (viruses) are not cellular thus lack cytoplasm, organelles and cell membranes

Question 2

What are some similarities bacteria and archaea have?

Answer 2

-Both prokaryotic
-Similar shapes of cocci, bacilli and spirillum
-Reproduce by binary fission
-Can exchange genetic content by conjugation

Question 3

What are some differences bacteria and archaea have?

Answer 3

-Look at Venn diagram

Question 4

How does bacteria and archaea reproduce?

Answer 4

-They reproduce ASEXUALLY
-By a process called BINARY FISSION

Question 5

How does the process of binary fission work?

Answer 5

-As the cell grows it makes a copy of its SINGLE chromosome
-After elongating and separating the 2 copies the cell builds up a septum between the cells
-Then the cells split into 2 identical cells creating 2 daughter cells

Question 6

What is the less favourable way to reproduce?

Answer 6

CONJUGATION
-One cell links to another cell plus (tubes/bridge)
-It then transfer a copy of some or all of the chromosomes
-(Plasmid can be transferred during conjugation)

Question 7

What is plasmid?

Answer 7

Plasmids are small loops of DNA within bacteria and archaea that contains genes within them (this gene is different from chromosomes)

Question 8

What is endospores?

Answer 8

A hard wall structure that some bacteria form to protect and store genetic material.

Question 9

What is Gram stain?

Answer 9

a process that classifies bacteria into 2 groups. (Gram positive and Gram negative)

Question 10

What colour is Gram Positive?

Answer 10

Purple since it has no extra protective outer membrane layer

Question 11

What colour is Gram Negative?

Answer 11

Pink since there is an extra protective membrane layer. This membrane helps with antibiotic resistance

Question 12

Pili

Answer 12

-Hair like structure (usually in gram negative bacteria)
-Helps the bacteria stick to surfaces
-Can form a conjugation bridge to exchange plasmid

Question 13

Chromosome

Answer 13

-Single loop of DNA folded on itself
-Controls cell function

Question 14

Nucleiod

Answer 14

-Region of the cytoplasm where DNA is found

Question 15

Plasmid

Answer 15

-Small loop of DNA found with bacteria and archaea
-Contains only few genes (different from chromosomes)
-Responsible for conjugation and antibiotic resistance

Question 16

Capsule/peptidoglycan

Answer 16

-Outer cell wall membrane
-Only bacteria has peptidoglycan
-Shares nutrients and protects bacteria from changing environments

Question 17

What is SPONCH

Answer 17

(Sulfur, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen)
-Without decomposers these elements on earth would have remained locked up in dead organism and life on earth would be ceased

Question 18

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 18

-Some bacteria have an enzyme which allows them to fix nitrogen from the air into an stable form. (nitrogen fixing bacteria)

Question 19

Photosynthetic bacteria

Answer 19

-Live in deep ocean vents where they convert hydrogen sulfide gas into energy

Question 20

Cyanobacteria

Answer 20

-They are photosynthetic bacteria which acts as a producer in many aquatic ecosystem

Question 21

Symbiotic bacteria

Answer 21

-Live in or on humans/other organism