chapter 2 - chemistry of life

Question 1

element

Answer 1

pure substance of one type of atom

Question 2

compound

Answer 2

substance formed by 2+ elements in definite proportions

Question 3

isotope

Answer 3

same number of protons but different number of neutrons as the base atom

Question 4

ion

Answer 4

charged atom

Question 5

molecule

Answer 5

smallest unit of compound that displays all properties

Question 6

atomic number

Answer 6

of protons

Question 7

atomic weight

Answer 7

protons and electrons added together (the electron count is the average of the isotopes and their frequency in nature)

Question 8

ionic bond

Answer 8

bond by transfer of electrons

Question 9

covalent bond

Answer 9

bond by sharing electrons

Question 10

van der waals forces

Answer 10

weak bond from atoms of different elements via +/- attractions

Question 11

hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

polar covalent bond involving hydrogen (usually H+(N,O, or P))

Question 12

properties of water

Answer 12

polar, cohesive, adhesive, high heat capacity

Question 13

solute

Answer 13

substance being dissolved (i.e. salt in water)

Question 14

solvent

Answer 14

substance doing the dissolving (i.e. water)

Question 15

mixture

Answer 15

physically mixed compounds/solutions

Question 16

solution

Answer 16

evenly distributed mixture

Question 17

suspension

Answer 17

mixture of water and an undissolved substance

Question 18

pH

Answer 18

scale (0-14) measures the H+ ion concentration; logarithmic scale (each number up is 10x the last one)

Question 19

acid

Answer 19

compound that forms H+ ions; 0-7 on pH scale

Question 20

base

Answer 20

compound that forms OH- ions; 7-14 on pH scale

Question 21

buffer

Answer 21

compound that prevents sharp pH changes

Question 22

amalgam

Answer 22

mixtures of liquid mercury and another metal

Question 23

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Answer 23

one of the most acidic compounds

Question 24

sodium hydroxide

Answer 24

one of the most basic compounds

Question 25

buffer system

Answer 25

type of solution that is able to resist changes in its pH when small amounts of an acidic or basic substance is added to it

Question 26

monomer

Answer 26

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

Question 27

polymer

Answer 27

molecule composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

Question 28

carbohydrate (polysaccharide)

Answer 28

macromolecule created from simple sugar (monosaccharide); main source of energy for living things

Question 29

complex carbs

Answer 29

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 30

lipid

Answer 30

macromolecule created from fatty acid; used to store energy; makes up fat; saturated and unsaturated; phosopholipid

Question 31

nucleic acid

Answer 31

macromolecule created from neucleotides; contains phosphate, sugar, and base; builds DNA

Question 32

DNA

Answer 32

deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix shaped; genetic info and genes

Question 33

RNA

Answer 33

riboneucleic acid; single strand

Question 34

protein

Answer 34

macromolecule created from amino acid; most diverse of large biological molecules; made from carboxl and amino group

Question 35

levels of amino acid structure

Answer 35

1. primary (o-o-o-o-o chain sequence) 2. secondary (helix or ß sheet) 3. tertiary (more folding + bonding) 4. quaternary (2+ chains folded together)

Question 36

chemical reaction

Answer 36

changes of chemical properties

Question 37

reactants

Answer 37

elements/compounds going into a reaction

Question 38

products

Answer 38

elements/compounds coming out of a recation

Question 39

activation

Answer 39

energy needed to start a reaction

Question 40

catalyst

Answer 40

substance that speeds up a reaction

Question 41

enzyme

Answer 41

protein catalyst that speeds up a biological reaction; are recycled in enzyme cycle

Question 42

substrate

Answer 42

reactant of enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Question 43

spontaneous reactions

Answer 43

chemical reactions that release energy (i.e. exothermic spontaneous rxn); ∆E=E2-E1

Question 44

nonspontaneous reaction

Answer 44

chemical reactions that don't release energy (i.e. endothermic nonspontaneous rxn); ∆E=E2-E1

Question 45

how do you increase the rate of a reaction?

Answer 45

use an catalyst (i.e. enzyme)