chapter 12 - intro to genetics

Question 1

genetics

Answer 1

scientific study of heredity

Question 2

heredity

Answer 2

transmission of traits generation to generation

Question 3

genes

Answer 3

DNA that determines a characteristic

Question 4

trait

Answer 4

a characteristic of an organism

Question 5

allele

Answer 5

version of a gene

Question 6

gregor medel

Answer 6

discovered fundamental laws of genetics

Question 7

probability

Answer 7

chance for an event to occur

Question 8

homozygous

Answer 8

having 2 identical alleles

Question 9

heterozygous

Answer 9

having 2 different alleles

Question 10

genotype

Answer 10

genetic makup of an organism

Question 11

phenotype

Answer 11

physical characteristic of an organism

Question 12

punnet square

Answer 12

diagram to predict genotype and phenotype of an offspring

Question 13

independent assortment

Answer 13

genes are individually inherited

Question 14

segregation

Answer 14

alleles all have their own separate chance to be passed down

Question 15

incomplete dominance

Answer 15

when one allele isn’t completely dominant over the other

Question 16

codominance

Answer 16

phenotypes from both alleles are shown

Question 17

multiple alleles

Answer 17

gene with multiple different alleles

Question 18

single-gene trait

Answer 18

trait with a single gene controlling it

Question 19

polygenic trait

Answer 19

trait controlled by multiple genes (e.g. eye color or height)

Question 20

homologus chromosomes

Answer 20

paired chromosomes from each parent

Question 21

diploid

Answer 21

cell with homologus (doubled) chromosomes

Question 22

haploid

Answer 22

cell with single set of chromosomes

Question 23

meiosis

Answer 23

diploid cell divides into 4 daughter cells

Question 24

cross-over

Answer 24

when homologus chromosomes exchanged some genes

Question 25

tetrad

Answer 25

the structure formed from two homologus chromosomes

Question 26

prophase 1 (meiosis)

Answer 26

nuclear envelope degrades, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibers attach, chromosomes condense, homologs pair up, crossing over

Question 27

metaphase 1 (meiosis)

Answer 27

homologus chromosomes line up along metaphase plate, 2^23 possibilities for gamete

Question 28

anaphase 1 (meiosis)

Answer 28

each homolog is pulled to its respective pole, cell elongates

Question 29

telophase 1 (meiosis)

Answer 29

nuclear envelope MIGHT reform (it doesn’t need to), DNA in daughter cells MIGHT relax, centrioles release from poles, spindle fibers detach

Question 30

prophase 2 (meiosis)

Answer 30

opposite of telophase 1; nuclear envelope MIGHT reform (only if it formed in telophase 1), DNA MIGHT condense, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibers attach

Question 31

metaphase 2 (meiosis)

Answer 31

induvidual chromosomes align along the metaphase plate

Question 32

anaphase 2 (meiosis)

Answer 32

sister chromatids are pulled to their respective polls, cells elongates

Question 33

telophase 2 (meiosis)

Answer 33

nuclear envelope MUST reform, centrioles release, DNA relaxes, spindle fibers detach