Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy And Physiology I > Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four forms of energy?

A

Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Radiant (electromagnetic radiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate
Compound used to store and transport energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

It results from the movements of charged particles. Electrical currents are generated when ions move along or across cell membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

Energy directly involved in moving matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is radiant (electromagnetic radiation) energy?

A

Energy that travels in waves. Called the electromagnetic spectrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are four elements that make up 96% of body weight?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you define Atomic Number?

A

The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus. Indirectly tells the number of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Mass Number?

A

The sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

An isotope that goes through atomic decay (radioactivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more different kinds of atoms bound together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a mixture? What are the three basic kinds?

A

Substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed
Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogenous mixtures of components. Homogeneous means that the mixture has exactly the same composition makeup throughout.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a mole?

A

Equal to the atomic weight (or molecular wight for compounds) of any atom or compound in grams.
One mole of any substance contains exactly 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules of that substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is molarity?

A

Moles per Liter
M/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.02 x 10 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Colloid? (Also called emulsions)

A

Heterogenous mixtures - composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are suspensions?

A

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

A bond that forms when when an atom “donates” an electron to another atom. When this happens, the donor has a negative charge and the acceptor has a positive charge. The resulting opposite charges mean the two are attracted to each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an anion?

A

An atom that has donated an electron and has a negative charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a cation?

A

An atom that has accepted an electron and has a positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

When two or more atoms share electrons between them. Can be polar or nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

These bonds form when a hydrogen atom (already covalently linked to one electronegative atom — usually nitrogen or oxygen) is attracted by another electron-hungry atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are three types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis (combination)
Decomposition
Exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are synthesis reactions?

A

When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. The basis of constructive, or anabolic, activities in body cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are decomposition reactions?

A

When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms. These underly all decomposition — catabolic — reactions in body cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are exchange reactions?

A

These involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are oxidation (redox) reactions?

A

Decomposition reactions that are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy (and when ATP is produced)
Also a special type of exchange reaction - electrons are exchanged between the reactants.

30
Q

What are the four factors that influence the rate of reactions?

A

Temperature (increased kinetic energy)
Concentration (more chances of collision)
Particle size (Smaller move faster - thus more interaction)
Catalysts

31
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

These contain carbon and are made by living things. All organic compounds are covalently bonded, and many are large.

32
Q

Why is water the foundation of life?

A

It’s high heat capacity
High heat vaporization (important for sweating)
Polar solvent properties (“universal solvent” - can dissolve most substances)
Reactivity (important in many reactions
Cushioning (not compressible, but moveable)

33
Q

What is a salt?

A

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-)
When salts are dissolved in water, they dissociate into their component ions.

34
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that conduct electrical current in solution.
(Groups of atoms that bear an overall charge (SO42-) are called poly atomic ions.

35
Q

What are polyatomic ions?

A

Groups of atoms that bear an overall charge (SO42-)

36
Q

What are Acids?

A

Have a sour taste, can react with (dissolve) many metals.
A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts.
A Hydrogen Ion is essentially just a “naked” proton, thus acids are also defined as “Proton Donors”

37
Q

What is a base?

A

Have a bitter taste. “Proton acceptors.” - they take up H+ in detectable amounts.

38
Q

What is a neutralization reaction?

A

When acids and bases are mixed. When this happens, they form water and a salt. The joining of H+ and OH- form water.

39
Q

What are macromolecules, polymers, and monomers?

A

Many biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins) are macromolecules.
Most macromolecules are polymers - chain like molecules made of smaller, identical or similar monomers (subunits)

40
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Can be classified (according to size and solubility) as a monosaccharide (“one sugar”) disaccharide (“two sugars”) or polysaccharide (“Many sugars”).
Monosaccharides are the monomers (building blocks) of the others.
The larger the carb, the less soluble it is.

41
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

“Simple sugars”
Single-chain or single-ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms.
A general formula is (CH2O)n. — n = number of carbon atoms.

42
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

“Double sugar”
Formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis.
Must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides in order to pass through cell membranes.

43
Q

What are some important disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Lactose (glucose and galactose)
Maltose (glucose and glucose)

44
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers of simple sugars linked by dehydration synthesis.
They are large, fairly insoluble molecules, thus they are ideal storage products.

45
Q

What are the two important polysaccharides?

A

Starch — storage carbohydrates formed by plants
Glycogen — storage carbohydrate of animal tissues, stored primarily in skeletal muscle and liver cells.
Both are polymers of glucose

46
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The proportion of O2 in liquids is much lower. Phosphorus is found in some lipids.
Include — triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and some others.

47
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Commonly known as “fats” when solid or “oils” when liquid
Large molecules, often hundreds of atoms. Provide the most efficient and compact stored energy.
When oxidized, yield large amounts of energy.
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol in a 3:1 ratio respectively.
Hydrocarbon chains make them non-polar molecules.

48
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

A linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid groupp (—COOH) at one end.

49
Q

What is glycerol?

A

A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol)

50
Q

What is fat synthesis?

A

Involves attaching three fatty acid chains to a single glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis.
Result is an E-shaped molecule.
The glycerol backbone is the same in all triglycerides, but fatty acid chains vary (thus different fats)

51
Q

Explain fat saturation

A

The length of a triglyceride’s fatty acid chain and degree of saturation with H atoms determines how solid at a given temperature.

52
Q

What does it mean for a fat to be saturated?

A

Fatty acids with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are called “saturated”
These chains are straight and at room temperature, they pack closely together to form a solid.

53
Q

What are unsaturated (monounsaturated or polyunsaturated) fats?

A

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
The double bonds cause the chains to kink so that they cannot be packed closely enough to solidify.

54
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Oils that have been solidified by the addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds.

55
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Modified triglycerides. Specifically, they have two fatty acid chains instead of three. The third chain is replaced by a phosphate group (PO4) with an attached nitrogen-containing group.
The fatty acid “tails” are non-polar and react with other non-polar molecules
The rest of the molecule (including the phosphate group) is hydrophilic.
This makes them ideally suited to be the chief building material for cellular membranes.

56
Q

What are steroids?

A

Flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Fat soluble - contain little oxygen.
++ important - cholesterol

57
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Diverse lipids, chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in all cell membranes.
++ important = prostaglandins - plays role in various body processes including blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, and labor contractions.

58
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

The building block of proteins.
20 common types
2 functional groups:
A basic group Amine (—NH2)
And an organic acid group (—COOH)
Can act as a base or an acid

59
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis — with the acid end linked to the amine end of the next.
This bond is called a peptide bond.
Two amino acids form a dupe-tide, three a tripeptide, and ten or more a polypeptide.
Most proteins contain from 100 to 10,000 amino acids.

60
Q

What are 6 protein functions?

A

Structural
Enzyme
Transport
Contractile
Communication
Defensive

61
Q

What are the three structural levels of protein?

A

Primary — the sequence of AAs that forms the polypeptide chain
Secondary — the primary chain forms spirals and sheets
Tertiary — spirals and/or sheets fold up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intermolecular bonds
Quaternary — two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein

62
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

Aka structural proteins, form long strands. Some only secondary, most tertiary or even quaternary.
Insoluble in water and very stable

63
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

AKA functional proteins
Compact, spherical proteins - at least tertiary
Water soluble
Chemically active
Crucial roles in virtually all biological processes
Immunity, regulate growth and development, transport, and enzymes

64
Q

What are nuclei acids?

A

Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
The largest molecules in the body. Include 2 major classes of molecules:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

65
Q

What is Deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

In the nucleus, is the genetic material; directs protein synthesis; replicates itself before cell division
Double strand coiled into double helix
Sugar: deoxyribose
Bases: Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)

66
Q

What is Ribonucleic acid?

A

In the cytoplasm
Carries out genetic instructions for protein synthesis
Single strand, straight or folded
Sugar: Ribose
Bases: Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracil (U)

67
Q

What makes up DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides
Made of:
- Nitrogen containing base
- Penrose sugar
- Phosphate group

68
Q

What are the specific bonding patterns of DNA/RNA bases?

A

A - T (U)
G - C
— (For RNA - U replaces the T found in DNA)

69
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate
Captures the energy released in catabolism of glucose.
It is an adenine-containing RNA nucleotide to which two additional phosphate groups have been added.
ATP is hodryolized to provide energy

70
Q

What are the 6 elements that are critical for life?

A

CHNOPS
Carbon - 6 (4) wants 4
Hydrogen - 1 (1) wants 1
Nitrogen - 7 (5) wants 3
Oxygen - 8 (6) wants 2
Phosphorus - 15 (5) wants 3
Sulfur - 16 (6) wants 2

Anatomy And Physiology I (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions