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NASM > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The combination and interrelation of the skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves). The kinetic chain.

A

Human Movement System

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2
Q

One of the primary organ systems in the body. Is a combination of billions of cells that communicate with one another in a network within the body.

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the ____ and ____

A

Spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the ____ and ____ to the rest of the human body.

A

Spinal cord and brain

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5
Q

The ability of the nervous system to notice changes in their external or internal environment.

A

Sensory function

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6
Q

This is the neuromuscular (Muscular and nervous system) response to sensory information. For example your body’s response by muscular contraction when you touch burning hot metal.

A

Motor function

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7
Q

The ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information. This allows for adequate decision-making and producing the correct response.

A

Integrative function

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8
Q

Name the three main functions of the nervous system

A

Integrative function, Motor function, & Sensory function

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9
Q

This is the cumulative sensory input to the CNS (Central nervous system) from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position. Proprioception training improves coordination, posture, and balance.

A

Proprioception

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10
Q

Proprioception training improves ____, ____, and ____.

A

Coordination, posture, and balance

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11
Q

This is the functional unit of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons. This allows it to communicate outside with the environment as well as internally with itself. Neuron’s transmit impulses through chemical and electrical signals. Neuron’s form the core of the spinal cord, brain and peripheral ganglia that make up the nervous system.

A

Neuron

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12
Q

Name the three main parts of a neuron

A

Cell body, axon, and dendrites

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13
Q

This is a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses to the central nervous system from a sense organ.

A

Sensory neurons (afferent)

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14
Q

Interneurons send nerve in pulses between one another.

A

Interneurons

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15
Q

This is a type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors. Stimulates muscle contraction to initiate movement.

A

Motor neurons (efferent)

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16
Q

The CNS or central nervous system is made up of your brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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17
Q

The PNS or peripheral nervous system branches out from your central nervous system to connect it with the rest of your body.

A

Peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

Specialized receptors that respond to pressure inside of tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves. These respond to forces such as motion, sound waves, pressure, stretching and touch. It can sense the various distortions in the human body.

A

Mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers. These special spindles are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length. This helps to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch reflex mechanism. Its purpose is to help prevent and protect over stretching that could lead to muscular damage.

A

Muscle spindles

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20
Q

Golgi tendon organs or GTO is another type of specialized sensory receptor. They are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers. These receptors can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that this tension changes. When you activate the Golgi tendon organ it will cause a muscle to relax. This is to help prevent injury from excess stress and contraction.

A

Golgi tendon organs

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21
Q

These receptors are located around the joint capsule. They respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint. They are able to sense extreme joint positions and send signals in order to prevent injuries.

A

Joint receptors

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22
Q

This is the body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. It provides the focus and shapes for bodies. It also creates blood for the human body and stores minerals. The functionality, growth, and maturation of the skeletal system can be affected by activity, nutrition, and posture.

A

Skeletal system

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23
Q

Provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles.

A

Bones

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24
Q

These are the junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs. It is also known as articulation.

A

Joints

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25
Q

The area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. It consists of 80 bones.

A

Axial skeleton

Including # of bones

26
Q

This is the area of the skeletal system that consists of the lower and upper extremities. It’s basically the legs, arms, appendage in appendicular. This contains 126 bones.

A

Appendicular skeleton (Including # of bones)

27
Q

This is the process of formation and resorption of bone. Is the process where the older bone is broken down and taken away by osteoclasts and new bone is made to replace it with cells called osteoblasts.

A

Remodeling

28
Q

The cells that help remove bone tissue.

A

Osteoclasts

29
Q

The cells that help create new bone tissue.

A

Osteoblasts

30
Q

Located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells. This is one of the main locations for bone growth.

A

Epiphysis

31
Q

This is the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft. It is much more compact and strong.

A

Diaphysis

32
Q

This is the area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis. This is a dividing layer of cartilage in cells that grow lengthwise to create the diaphysis.

A

Epiphyseal plate

33
Q

This is the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone.

A

Periosteum

34
Q

This is the location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens. Is a small cavity that is located in the shaft of the bone.

A

Medullary Cavity

35
Q

This is the inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint.

A

Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)

36
Q

These are flat areas of a bone.

A

Depressions

37
Q

This is a part of the bone where ligaments in muscle attach.

A

Processes

38
Q

Made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. There are 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic and 7 cervical.

A

Vertebral column

Including # of bones total: # of lumbar, # of thoracic, & # of cervical

39
Q

This is the description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion.

A

Arthrokinematics

40
Q

These are joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule. These joints produce synovial fluid that kind of looks like egg whites to protect the joints. Approximately eighty percent of joints in the human body are synovial joints.

A 
Synovial joints
(including % of these joints in body)
41
Q

These are joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments. Mostly found in the distal joint of the fibula and tibia as well as the skull.

A

Non-synovial joints

42
Q

This is what connects bones to other bones and helps joint support.

A

Ligaments

43
Q

The full collection of all of the muscles in the human body.

A

Muscular system

44
Q

This is the layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside.

A

Epimysium

45
Q

This is the muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle.

A

Perimysium

46
Q

The deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

47
Q

Connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue.

A

Tendons

48
Q

This is the functional unit of a muscle that produces contractions. It is comprised of actin and myosin. This is the repeating section of a muscle.

A

Sarcomere

49
Q

This is the process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by the means of the neuromuscular junction.

A

Neural Activation

50
Q

The motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates.

A

Motor unit

51
Q

These are small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

A

Neurotransmitters

52
Q

These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.

A

Muscle Fiber Type I (slow twitch)

53
Q

These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.

A

Muscle Fiber Type II (fast twitch)

54
Q

These have a low oxidative capacity and are quick to fatigue.

A

Muscle Type IIx

55
Q

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers.

A

Muscle Type IIa

56
Q

What is the process where the nervous system stimulates a muscle in the body to contract? Another name for it is the sliding filament theory.

A

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

57
Q

What are the 4 primary functions that muscles are categorized into?

A

Stabilizer, synergist, agonist, and antagonist

58
Q

This is the prime mover

A

Agonist muscles

59
Q

This assists and helps the prime mover

A

Synergist muscles

60
Q

These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

A

Stabilizer muscles

61
Q

These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work

A

Antagonist muscles

62
Q

Name 3 mechanoreceptors

A

Muscle spindles, joint receptors, and golgi tendons

NASM (20 decks)

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