Chapter 2

Question 1

What are the 3 historical perspectives?

Answer 1

classical, behavioral, quantitative

Question 2

What are the 3 contemporary perspectives?

Answer 2

contingency, systems, quality-management

Question 3

What is the classical viewpoint?

Answer 3

emphasis on ways to manage work more efficiently (scientific and administrative management)

Question 4

What is scientific management?

Answer 4

emphasizes scientific study of work methods to improve productivity of individual workers

Question 5

What is administrative management?

Answer 5

concerned with managing the total organization

Question 6

Who were the proponents of scientific management?

Answer 6

taylor and gilbreth

Question 7

Who were the proponents of administrative management?

Answer 7

fayol and weber

Question 8

Who were the early behaviorists?

Answer 8

munsterberg, follett, mayo

Question 9

Who were the proponents of the human relations movement?

Answer 9

maslow and mcgregor

Question 10

What is the behavioral viewpoint?

Answer 10

emphasis on the importance of understanding human behavior and motivating and encouraging employees toward achievement

Question 11

What was the HR movement?

Answer 11

proposed better human relations could increase worker productivity

Question 12

What is the behavioral science approach?

Answer 12

relies on scientific research for developing theory to provide practical management tools

Question 13

What is the quantitative viewpoint?

Answer 13

applies quantitative techniques to management

Question 14

What is management science?

Answer 14

focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making

Question 15

What is operations management?

Answer 15

focuses on managing the production and delivery of an org’s products or services more effectively

Question 16

What were Taylor’s principles of scientific management?

Answer 16

• scientifically study each part of task
• select workers with the right abilities
• give workers the training and incentives to do the task wlel
• use scientific principles to plan the work methods

Question 17

What were the Gilbreth’s principles?

Answer 17

• they had 12 children
• identified 17 basic motions and applied them to work processes to determine if tasks could be done more efficiently
• demonstrated they could eliminate motions while reducing fatigue

Question 18

What are the major functions of management according to Fayol?

Answer 18

• planning
• organizing
• leading
• controlling
• coordinating

Question 19

What is a bureaucracy according to Weber?

Answer 19

a rational, efficient, ideal org based on the principles of logic

Question 20

What are Weber’s principles of logic?

Answer 20

• well defined hierarchy of authority
• formal rules and procedures
• clear division of labor
• impersonality
• careers based on merit

Question 21

Why is the classical viewpoint important?

Answer 21

• rational approach
• application of scientific methods, time and motion studies, and job specialization can boost productivity
• led to later innovations like management by objectives and goal setting

Question 22

What is the problem with classical viewpoint?

Answer 22

too mechanistic. tends to view humans as cogs within a machine

Question 23

What is early behaviorism according to Munsterberg?

Answer 23

• study jobs and determine which people are best suited to specific jobs
• identify the psychological conditions under which employees do their best work
• devise management strategies to influence employees to follow management’s interests

Question 24

What is early behaviorism according to Follett?

Answer 24

• org.’s should be operated as communities
• conflicts should be resolved by managers and workers talking over differences and finding solutions
• the work process should be controlled by workers with relevant knowledge; managers are facilitators

Question 25

What did Mayo do?

Answer 25

led a Harvard research group to conduct worker productivity studies

Question 26

What is the hawthorne effect?

Answer 26

employees worked harder if they received added attention, and thought that managers cared about their welfare and that supervisors paid special attention to them

Question 27

What is theory X?

Answer 27

represents a pessimistic, negative view of workers. workers are irresponsible, resistant to change, lack ambition, hate work, and want to be led

Question 28

What is theory Y?

Answer 28

represents an optimistic, positive view of workers. workers are capable of accepting responsibility, self-direction, self-control, and being creative

Question 29

What are the disciplines for behavioral science?

Answer 29

psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics

Question 30

What is the systems viewpoint?

Answer 30

regards the org as systems of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose

Question 31

What is the contingency viewpoint?

Answer 31

emphasizes that a manager's approach should vary according to the individual and environmental situation

Question 32

What is the quality-management viewpoint?

Answer 32

quality control, quality, quality assurance

Question 33

What is quality control?

Answer 33

strategy for minimizing errors by managing each state of production

Question 34

Who was the proponent of quality control?

Answer 34

shewart

Question 35

What is quality assurance?

Answer 35

focuses on the performance of workers, urging employees to strive for zero defects

Question 36

What is total quality management?

Answer 36

comprehensive approach dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction

Question 37

Who were the proponents of total quality management?

Answer 37

Deming and Juran

Question 38

What are the four parts of a system?

Answer 38

inputs transformational processes outputs feedback

Question 39

What are inputs?

Answer 39

the people, $, info, equipment, and materials required to produce an organization's goods or services

Question 40

What are transformational processes?

Answer 40

the org's capabilities in management and technology that are applied to converting inputs into outputs

Question 41

What are outputs?

Answer 41

the products, services, profits, losses, employee satisfaction or discontent produced by the org

Question 42

What is feedback?

Answer 42

information about the reaction of the environment to the outputs, which affects the inputs

Question 43

What are closed systems?

Answer 43

organizations that have little interaction with their environment

Question 44

What are open systems?

Answer 44

organizations that continually interact with their environment and have the potential to produce synergy

Question 45

What is the complexity theory?

Answer 45

recognizes that all complex systems are networks of many interdependent parts that interact with each other according to certain rules

Question 46

What is evidence-based management?

Answer 46

translating principles based on best evidence into organizational practice, and bringing rationality into the decision making process

Question 47

What is quality?

Answer 47

total ability of a product or service to meet customer needs

Question 48

What is a learning organization?

Answer 48

org that actively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge within itself and is able to modify its behavior to reflect new knowledge

Question 49

How do you build a learning org?

Answer 49

- build a commitment to learning - work to generate ideas with impact - work to generalize ideas with impact

Question 50

What 7 things about a company should you learn before an interview?

Answer 50

- mission and value statements - core values and culture - history of company - key org players - products, service, and clients - current events and accomplishments - comments from current or previous employers