Chapter 2 Flashcards
Which of the following cellular adaptations applies to enlargement of muscle fibers?
hypertrophy
could be from excercise
Which of the following cellular adaptations applies to partial hepatectomy?
Physiologic hyperplasia (as per definition it involves a need for increased functional capacity)
Which of the following cellular adaptations applies to endometrial growth?
Pathologic Hyperplasia (as per definition this is due to excessive hormone production aaka estrogen)
Which of the following cellular adaptations is reversible ?
metaplasia
Which 2 cellular adaptations can lead to malignant transformation?
hyperplasia and metaplasia
Which of the following cellular adaptations applies to breast enlargement?
physiologic hyperplasia (development in breast glands due to increased need for function)
- A person recently had surgery on their leg and surgeon accidentally removed a nerve to the hamstring muscle. What do you expect to see in this patient
a. Increased ubiquitin proteasome activity
b. Increased protein synthesis
c. Increase stimulation of stem cells
d. Change in phenotype of muscle cell
A. because this (denervation of tissue) wiuld be a cause of ATROPHY and the mechanism involves ubiquitin/ proteosome activity to decrease protein synthesis
Pt with confirmed papillomavirus comes into the office complaining of flare up with visible skin warts. Which of the following cellular adaptations would be seen here?
HYPERPLASIA
- it is commonly associated with VIRAL INFECTIONS
A pathologist is looking at slides and notes multiple cells of liver tissue that are enlarged, with disrupted plasma membrane, increased eusinophilia and accompanied by inflammation. Which of the following would you see in addition to what was described above?
a. decrease in ultrastructural changes
b. fragmentation of nucleosome
c. large amount of DNA damage
d. cells exhibiting karyorrhexis
e. activation of caspases
f. increase in phagocytic activity
D. karyorrhexis is only seen in NECROSIS
NOT A : you would see INCREASE in ultrastructural changes (fig 2-7)
NOT B, E,C,F : all these features are associated with apoptosis
What are the 7 causes of cell injury?
- oxygen deprivation
- chemical agents
- physical agents
- infectious agents
- immune
- genetics
- nutritional deficiency
Pt presents to ER with gangrenous necrosis of B/L feet after hiking up the freakin mountains for weeks. Which of the following is the reason for this?
a. accumulation of macrophages walling off a pathogen
b. release of lipases
c. damage due to immune complexes of antigens/ antibodies
d. presence of infectious agent
e. decreased oxygen delivery to tissue
E. Gangrene is caused by (ISCHEMIA ) of tissues. This type of necrosis is a subset of coagulative necrosis which is also due to poor o2 delivery
NOT A: causes caseuous necrosis
NOT B: its a cause of fat necrosis
NOT C. its causes fibrinoid necrosis
NOT D. causes liquefactive necrosis
Assign each condition a form of necrosis:
A. renal infarction B. rheumatoid arthritis C. bacterial abscesss D. acute pancreatitis E. acute limb ischemia F. Tuberculosis
A. coagulative B. fibrinoid C. liquefactive D. fat necrosis E. gangrene F. caseous
What 4 enzymes are activated as a result of calcium influx that contribute to cellular injury?
- proteases
- ATPases
- Endonucleases
- Phospholipase
Patients liver tissue was hypoperfused for a few hours. Which of the following would NOT be seen as a result of this?
a. ATP depletion
b. increased anaerobic glycolysis
c. decreased protein synthesis
d. efflux of Ca2+
e. decreased activity of Na+/K+ pump
D. You would see an INFLUX of Ca+ no efflux. This would cause further damage to the cell as would be expected with a hypoperfused tissue.
NOT A,B,C,E :are all seen as a result of ATP depletion due to hypoxic conditions
Pt was exposed to a LOT of radiation at some power plant. What will most likely form and cause cell injury?
reactive oxygen species
What are the 3 pathologic effects of ROS?
- lipid peroxidation
- DNA damage
- Protein modifications
Blebbing, mitochondrial swelling, ER dilation, increased myelin figures ; characterizes what form of cell mechanism?
- apoptosis
- reversible injury
- necrosis
- autophagy
- Necrosis
IN a situation of hypoxic stress what transcription factor promotes new blood vessel development and enhances anaerobic glycolysis?
Hypoxia inducible factor -1
What would be an effective treatment for someone who just had an ischemic brain injury?
- restoration of blood flow
- induction of hypothermia
- reduce neutrophil escavation
- free radical scavengers
- Hypothermia
this would reduce metabolic demands : decrease stress on cells. decrease free radical formation and decrease cell swelling
At the end of pregnancy the levels of estrogen fall and the endometrial lining breaks down. Which of the following would you expect to see in a sample of these endometrial cells?
a. increase in mitochondrial transition pores
b. decrease in BCL2
c. decrease in reactive oxygen species
d. increase in RIP1-RIP-3
B. decrease in BCL2 which is anti -apoptotic protein (cells of endometrial lining at the end of pregnancy undergo apoptosis)
Elevated levels of _________ are markers for apoptosis
caspases (cysteine proteases)
What are the anti-apoptotic proteins?
- BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1
Which proteins are directly responsible for elevated concentration of cytochrome c in the cells?
a. BCL-2
b. MCL-1
c. BAX
d. BH3
C. BAX is the only pro-apoptotic factor
NOt D. is a sensor of cellular stress and will activate BAX and BAK , so it indirectly increases cytochrome c
NOt A/B : they are anti-apoptotic
Increase of these two proteins, function to neutralize any inhibitors of apoptosis?
Smac/ Diablo (allows for initation of caspase cascade)
What can a virus produce to protect themselves from Fas-mediated apoptosis?
FLIP : binds procaspase 8 and inhibits apoptosis
which caspases are responsible for execution of apoptosis?
Caspase 3 and 6
What can happen if you have a mutation in Tp53?
Tp53 tumor supressor gene. Damage to this could cause build of cells with DNA damage or other issues and potentially cause tumors
What is one possible mechanism that can explain why people with neurodegenerative disease (like Alzheimers) loses neurons?
Too much apoptosis as a result of mutations and misfoldded proteins (Alzheimers – increased alpha/beta peptide aggregation causes apoptosis)
What is the main difference between Apoptosis and Necroptosis?
NO caspase activation
Which process involves formation of inflammasome and activation of IL-1 Beta, accompanied by fever?
Pyroptosis
Which process involves increase RIP1-RIP3 complex ?
Necroptosis
Necroptosis resembles ________ morphologically and _______ mechanistically.
necroptosis; apoptosis
What process requires the use of LC3 and what is it for?
Autophagy;
LC3:
- ELONGATION of autophagosomal membrane
- TARGETING proteins for digestion
LC3 is a good marker for Autophagy
Which type of cells would exhibit the most autophagy?
- atrophic
- hyperplasic
- hypertrophic
- metaplasic
- atrophic : because these cells are in a state of nutrient deprivation,
What are the 4 mechanisms that contribute to accumulation of intracellular material? (ie. protein, lipids.,…etc
- defective enzyme.
- Abnormal metabolism (i.e storage diseases)
- Defect in protein folding or transport
- ingestion of indigestible materials
Appearance of Russell Bodies and a distended Endoplasmic reticulum is indicative of accumulation of?
A. Protein
B. Cholesterol
C. Lipids
D, Glycogen
A. Protein
Which of the following would have characterisitc Hyaline change?
A. russell bodies
B. intracellular vacuoles
C. liver
A. Russell bodies
along with reabsorption droplets in kidney and alcoholic hylaine pg 63.
80 y/o patient presents to your office. Their heart cells are undergoing lots of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation subsequently. Presence of what pigment is a sign of these processes?
- lipofuscin granules –> is a telltale sign of these processes
A 38-year-old man presents to the emergency department with right-sided back and side pain that has been radiating to his groin for the past three hours.
The patient rates the pain as a 9 on a 10-point scale. CBC shows elevated serum calcium. A CT scan shows what looks like renal failure. Which of the following is true?
A. dytrophic calcification
B. coagulative necrosis
C. metastatic calcification
D. atherosclerosis
C. Metastatic calcification
‘
is present in tissues with HYPERCALCEMIA and this high calcium can be caused by renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, resorption of bone tissue or Vit D disorders.
What type of calcification is seen in areas of necrosis?
dystrophic
What tumor suppressor gene pushes cells into senescence?
p16
Would rampamycin be implicated with increased or decreased lifespan?
INCREASED : increases longevity by inhibiting signaling of IGF-1 ( so rampamycin in effect it decreases caloric restriction)
increased_________ and attenuation of IGF-1 could constitute increased lifespan?
SiRTUINS ; adapt to caloric restrictions and promote genetic integrity of DNA
