Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does cell morphology mean?

A

The cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the smallest microbe cell?

A

.2 micrometers-Mycoplasma sp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the largest microbe cell?

A

700 micrometers-Epulopiscium fishelsoni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List two characteristics about Eupulopiscium fishelsoni.

A

It has thousands of copies of genome. It has unusual cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why should cells be small?

A

Larger surface-to-volume ratio, which gives a faster rate of nutrient exchange, faster growth, high population densities, and faster rates of evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How small is too small for a cell? Why is this too small?

A

.15 micrometers. This is too small because they need space for proteins, nucleic acids, ribosomes, etc. This can create streamlined genomes, which results in missing genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What helps with the rigidity of the cytoplasmic membrane in eukaryotes? In bacteria?

A

Sterols; hopanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is the membrane made in bacteria?

A

Ester linkages bond fatty acids to glcyerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are archaeal membranes different than other membranes?

A

Ether linkages bond hydrophobic side chains (isoprene) to glycerol, instead of binding fatty acids. Isoprene is composed of 5 hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What area do integral membrane proteins span?

A

Across the whole membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List three functions of the cytomplasmic membrane.

A
  1. Permability barrier
  2. Protein anchor
  3. Energy conservation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the cytoplasmic membrane serve as a permeability barrier?

A

It prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into, and wastes out of, the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the cytoplasmic membrane serve as a protein anchor?

A

It serves as a site of many proteins that participate in transports, bioenergetics, chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the cytoplasmic membrane serve as energy conservation?

A

It serves as a site of generation and use of the proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Simple transport

A

Driven by the energy in the proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Group translocation

A

Chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ABC transporter

A

Periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What system runs group translocation?

A

The phosphotransferase system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during the use of the phosphotransferase system?

A

The substrate is chemically modified as it passes through the membrane. Translocates groups like fructose, glucose, and mannose.

20
Q

Describe ABC transport systems.

A

There are 200 systems of ATP-binding cassette proteins. This involves the uptake of sugars, amnio acids, sulfate, phosphate, and trace metals.

21
Q

Which bacterial cell has an outer membrane?

A

Gram-negative

22
Q

List 3 functions of cell walls.

A

They prevent osmotic lysing, they determine the shape, and they provide rigidity.

23
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A polysaccharide composed mainly of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

24
Q

What does the outer membrane contain?

A

Phospholipid, protein, and polysacchardides; AKA lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

25
Q

List 4 characteristics of Lipid A.

A

Its an endotoxin, its toxic to animals, its in salmonella, shigella, and eschirchia, and causes gas, diarrhea, and vomiting.

26
Q

Where is the periplasm located?

A

Between outer surface of cell membrane and inner surface of outer membrane

27
Q

What does the periplasm contain?

A

Proteins, such as hydrolytic enzymes, binding enzymes, and chemoreceptors.

28
Q

What are porins?

A

Channels for solutes. There are specific and nonspecific porins

29
Q

How are porins composed?

A

3 identical subunits with 4 channels

30
Q

What is the cell wall of some Archaea made of?

A

Pseudomurein

31
Q

What is the S-layer in Archaea (and some bacteria)?

A

Its a paracrystalline surface layer of interlocking protein or glycoprotein molecules making up the outermost layer of wall.

32
Q

What functions is the S-layer involved in?

A

Osmotic lysis, sieve, and retention of proteins

33
Q

What are two polysaccharides layer types?

A

Capsules and slime layers

34
Q

Capsules

A

organized, excludes particles

35
Q

slime layer

A

disorganized, does not exclude particles, difficult to see

36
Q

What functions do capsules/slime layers have?

A

Attachment of cells to surface (biofilms), pathogen evasion or immune system, and prevent desiccation.

37
Q

Fimbriae

A

Filamentous structures of protein

38
Q

Adhere to structures, such as what?

A

Neisseria, Salmonella, and Bordetalla

39
Q

Pili is involved in what?

A

Conjugation and adhesion to host tissues, like Neisseria, and Streptococcus pyogenes

40
Q

Type IV pili

A

Has twitching motility. Its colonization factors are vibrio and neisseria

41
Q

Carbon and energy storage polymers

A
  • Poly-beta-hydroxylalkonaotes

- Glycogen

42
Q

Cell inclusions include _______ and ________.

A

polyphosphate and sulfur

43
Q

Magnatosomes

A

Magnetite that responds to magnetic field, called magnetotaxis

44
Q

Where are magnetosomes found?

A

In sediment bacteria, low O2 levels

45
Q

Where are gas vesicles found?

A

In planktonic Bacteria and Archaea

46
Q

What do gas vesicles do?

A

Confer buoyancy and allow cells to adjust to vertical position

47
Q

Structure of gas vesicles

A

GvpA-vesicle shell
GvpC-crosslinks GvpA
-Gas-permeable
-Watertight