Chapter 2

Question 1

What does cell morphology mean?

Answer 1

The cell shape

Question 2

What is the smallest microbe cell?

Answer 2

.2 micrometers-Mycoplasma sp.

Question 3

What is the largest microbe cell?

Answer 3

700 micrometers-Epulopiscium fishelsoni

Question 4

List two characteristics about Eupulopiscium fishelsoni.

Answer 4

It has thousands of copies of genome. It has unusual cell division.

Question 5

Why should cells be small?

Answer 5

Larger surface-to-volume ratio, which gives a faster rate of nutrient exchange, faster growth, high population densities, and faster rates of evolution.

Question 6

How small is too small for a cell? Why is this too small?

Answer 6

.15 micrometers. This is too small because they need space for proteins, nucleic acids, ribosomes, etc. This can create streamlined genomes, which results in missing genes.

Question 7

What helps with the rigidity of the cytoplasmic membrane in eukaryotes? In bacteria?

Answer 7

Sterols; hopanoids

Question 8

How is the membrane made in bacteria?

Answer 8

Ester linkages bond fatty acids to glcyerol

Question 9

How are archaeal membranes different than other membranes?

Answer 9

Ether linkages bond hydrophobic side chains (isoprene) to glycerol, instead of binding fatty acids. Isoprene is composed of 5 hydrocarbons

Question 10

What area do integral membrane proteins span?

Answer 10

Across the whole membrane

Question 11

List three functions of the cytomplasmic membrane.

Answer 11

1. Permability barrier
2. Protein anchor
3. Energy conservation

Question 12

How does the cytoplasmic membrane serve as a permeability barrier?

Answer 12

It prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into, and wastes out of, the cell

Question 13

How does the cytoplasmic membrane serve as a protein anchor?

Answer 13

It serves as a site of many proteins that participate in transports, bioenergetics, chemotaxis

Question 14

How does the cytoplasmic membrane serve as energy conservation?

Answer 14

It serves as a site of generation and use of the proton motive force

Question 15

Simple transport

Answer 15

Driven by the energy in the proton motive force

Question 16

Group translocation

Answer 16

Chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 17

ABC transporter

Answer 17

Periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

Question 18

What system runs group translocation?

Answer 18

The phosphotransferase system

Question 19

What happens during the use of the phosphotransferase system?

Answer 19

The substrate is chemically modified as it passes through the membrane. Translocates groups like fructose, glucose, and mannose.

Question 20

Describe ABC transport systems.

Answer 20

There are 200 systems of ATP-binding cassette proteins. This involves the uptake of sugars, amnio acids, sulfate, phosphate, and trace metals.

Question 21

Which bacterial cell has an outer membrane?

Answer 21

Gram-negative

Question 22

List 3 functions of cell walls.

Answer 22

They prevent osmotic lysing, they determine the shape, and they provide rigidity.

Question 23

What is peptidoglycan?

Answer 23

A polysaccharide composed mainly of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

Question 24

What does the outer membrane contain?

Answer 24

Phospholipid, protein, and polysacchardides; AKA lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

Question 25

List 4 characteristics of Lipid A.

Answer 25

Its an endotoxin, its toxic to animals, its in salmonella, shigella, and eschirchia, and causes gas, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Question 26

Where is the periplasm located?

Answer 26

Between outer surface of cell membrane and inner surface of outer membrane

Question 27

What does the periplasm contain?

Answer 27

Proteins, such as hydrolytic enzymes, binding enzymes, and chemoreceptors.

Question 28

What are porins?

Answer 28

Channels for solutes. There are specific and nonspecific porins

Question 29

How are porins composed?

Answer 29

3 identical subunits with 4 channels

Question 30

What is the cell wall of some Archaea made of?

Answer 30

Pseudomurein

Question 31

What is the S-layer in Archaea (and some bacteria)?

Answer 31

Its a paracrystalline surface layer of interlocking protein or glycoprotein molecules making up the outermost layer of wall.

Question 32

What functions is the S-layer involved in?

Answer 32

Osmotic lysis, sieve, and retention of proteins

Question 33

What are two polysaccharides layer types?

Answer 33

Capsules and slime layers

Question 34

Capsules

Answer 34

organized, excludes particles

Question 35

slime layer

Answer 35

disorganized, does not exclude particles, difficult to see

Question 36

What functions do capsules/slime layers have?

Answer 36

Attachment of cells to surface (biofilms), pathogen evasion or immune system, and prevent desiccation.

Question 37

Fimbriae

Answer 37

Filamentous structures of protein

Question 38

Adhere to structures, such as what?

Answer 38

Neisseria, Salmonella, and Bordetalla

Question 39

Pili is involved in what?

Answer 39

Conjugation and adhesion to host tissues, like Neisseria, and Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 40

Type IV pili

Answer 40

Has twitching motility. Its colonization factors are vibrio and neisseria

Question 41

Carbon and energy storage polymers

Answer 41

• Poly-beta-hydroxylalkonaotes

- Glycogen

Question 42

Cell inclusions include _______ and ________.

Answer 42

polyphosphate and sulfur

Question 43

Magnatosomes

Answer 43

Magnetite that responds to magnetic field, called magnetotaxis

Question 44

Where are magnetosomes found?

Answer 44

In sediment bacteria, low O2 levels

Question 45

Where are gas vesicles found?

Answer 45

In planktonic Bacteria and Archaea

Question 46

What do gas vesicles do?

Answer 46

Confer buoyancy and allow cells to adjust to vertical position

Question 47

Structure of gas vesicles

Answer 47

GvpA-vesicle shell
GvpC-crosslinks GvpA
-Gas-permeable
-Watertight