Chapter 2

Question 1

What are allophones?

Answer 1

variations of the same phonemes because of pronunciation ex. tea, eat, writer, two

Question 2

define acoustic phonetics

Answer 2

relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech — of sound waves

Question 3

define auditory phonetics

Answer 3

study of hearing, perception, and brains processing of speech

Question 4

define articulator of physiological phonetics

Answer 4

study of speech sound production-emphaiss on how articulators produce individual sounds

Question 5

What is the smallest phonetic unity?

Answer 5

the syllable

Question 6

review the differences between adaptation, assimilation, and coarticulation

Answer 6

adaptation: according to preceding and following sounds ex. moo and meek
assimilation: speech sounds are modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds.
coarticulation: influence of one phoneme upon another phoneme in production or perception (it creates assimilation and adaption)

Question 7

What are suprasegmentals?

Answer 7

features of prosody

most common that affect speech are: length, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture

Question 8

what do stressed vs unstressed syllables sound like?

Answer 8

Stressed: loud, longer, higher in pitch, and take more effort

unstressed: soft, shorter, lower in pitch, less effort

Question 9

What is pitch vs frequency

Answer 9

pitch is the auditory sensation of the F that the VFs vibrate (determined by mass, tension, and elasticity of the VFs)

F is the physical property of the actual sound waves

Question 10

What is a juncture?

Answer 10

a vocal punctuation is a combo of suprasegmentals

intonation, pausing, that mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions

Ex. What, did you eat vs what did you eat

or for distinction like night rate and nitrate

Question 11

What are sound waves?

Answer 11

movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules

Question 12

What is compression vs rarefaction

Answer 12

compression: vibratory movements increase the density of air molecules
rarefaction: thinning of air molecules when vibrating object returns to equilibrium

Question 13

What is the F0?

Answer 13

lowest frequency of a periodic wave and is also the first harmonic

Question 14

what is an octave?

Answer 14

interval between two frequencies

ratios should be 1:2

Question 15

what two things affect sound transmittance are?

Answer 15

mass (density) and elasticity

Question 16

vibratory movement has two but independent characteristics that create distinctly diff auditory sensation

Answer 16

frequency and amplitude

Question 17

The normal ear of a young adult is

Answer 17

20 to 20,000 Hz

the human ear is more sensitive to lower frequencies than higher frequencies

Question 18

What is the rule in formants frequencies with vowels and consonants?

Answer 18

F1 varies because tongue height

F2 varies because tongue advancement

Question 19

The intensity for conversational speech varies between

Answer 19

50 and 70 dB SPL

Question 20

What is oscillation?

Answer 20

the back and forth movement of air molecules

Question 21

what is a sinusoidal wave?

Answer 21

sound wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry=has crest and trough

contains a single F and result of simple harmonic motion