Chapter 1

Question 1

Break down the laryngeal structures

Answer 1

1. Hyoid bone
2. epiglottis
   Key cartilages-thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
3. Thyroid cartilage - surrounds the trach
4. Cricoid cartilage - linked with thyroid and paired with arytenoids
5. Arytenoid: pyramid shape - permits sliding and circular movements
6. Corniculate: sit at the apex or arytenoids- help closure during swallow
7. Cuneiform: stiffen or tense aryepiglottic folds

Question 2

Which muscles are responsible for controlling sound production?

Answer 2

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 3

Name the intrinsic muscles

Answer 3

all are innervated by CN X

posterior cricoarytenoid

lateral cricoarytenoid
oblique arytenoid
transverse arytenoid

thyroarytenoid - vibrate and produce sound

cricothyroid-length and tense

Question 4

Which are the adductor muscles?

Answer 4

lateral cricroarytenoid
transverse arytenoid
oblique arytenoid

Question 5

Which is the abductor muscle?

Answer 5

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 6

What do the extrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

Answer 6

support the larynx and fit its position

Question 7

Name all of the elevators (supra hyoid muscles-lie above the hyoid bone)

Answer 7

Digastric (V, VII)
Mylohyoid (v)
Hyoglossus (XII)
stylohyoid (VII)
geniohyoid (XII)
genioglossus (XII)

Question 8

Name all of the depressors (infra hyoid muscles - lie below the hyoid bone)

Answer 8

thyrohyoid (XII)
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid

Question 9

The VFs have three layers. What are they?

Answer 9

1. epithelium (outer cover)
2. Lamina propria (middle layer)
3. Vocalis (body - gives stability and mass to the VF)

Question 10

The bernoulli effect is caused when

Answer 10

the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds “sucking motion” of VFs toward one another

Question 11

The primary cortical areas for speech-motor control are

Answer 11

area 4 ( Primary motor cortex) 
area 44 ( Brocas area) 
areas 3, 1, 2 (somatosensory cortex) 
area 6 ( supplementary motor cortex)

Question 12

Whats the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 12

Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.

-for laryngeal muscles

its the pretty part of the brain

Question 13

Cranial nerve X which innervates the larynx includes the which two primary branches?

Answer 13

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)

• internal branch-sensory info to the larynx
• external branch-motor innovation to cricothyroid muscle

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)
-supplies all motor innervation to the arytenoid muscles and supplies sensory info below the VFs

Question 14

The soft palate is composed of a number of muscles…name the 4 main ones and their function

Answer 14

Tensor Veli Palatini: tenses velum, dilate eustachian tube

Levator Veli Palatini: elevate the velum

palatoglossus: elevate and depress velum
palatopharyngeus: narrow pharyngeal cavity, lower velum

Question 15

Name the CNs for articulation?

Answer 15

CN V (trigeminal)
CN VII (facial)
CN X (vagus)
CN XI (spinal accessory)
CN XII (hypoglossal)

Question 16

What is the difference between genioglossus and styooglossus

Answer 16

draws the whole tongue forward to protrude the tip or to press the tip against the teeth and alveolar ridge

• functions to draw the tongue up and backward, elevates the sides of the tongue

Question 17

Lesions in the basal ganglia can cause what

Answer 17

unusual body postures, dysarthria, changes in body tone, and involuntary and uncontrolled movements (dyskinesias) that interfere with speaking and walking

Question 18

The cerebellum regulates _____ and a lesion here will cause what?

Answer 18

equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements (esp for speech)

Usually seen in CP for abnormal gait, disturbed balance, and causes ataxic dysarthria

Question 19

What are the three layers of the brain that cover the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 19

Dura (outside)
arachnoid
pia mater