Chapter 2

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

People’s tendency after learning about a given outcome to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted that outcome

Question 2

Correlational research

Answer 2

Research that involves measuring two or more variables and assessing whether there is a relationship between them

Question 3

Self-selection

Answer 3

In correlational research, the situation in which the participant, rather than the researcher, determines the participant’s level of each variable, thereby creating the problem that unknown other properties might be responsible for the observed relationship

Question 4

Natural experiment

Answer 4

A naturally occurring event of phenomenon with somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as conditions manipulated by the investigator in an experiment

Question 5

Reliability

Answer 5

The degree to which the particular way researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results

Question 6

Measurement validity

Answer 6

The correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure is supposed to predict

Question 7

Statistical significance

Answer 7

A measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance

Question 8

Basic science

Answer 8

Science or research concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world

Question 9

Applied science

Answer 9

Science or research concerned with solving important real-world problems

Question 10

Intervention

Answer 10

An effort to change a person’s behavior